Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, the dogs salivated when food was placed in their mouths. This salivation was a(n)________.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered when the dog saw its dog dish, even before the food was placed in it. In this instance, the dog dish is the ________.

A discriminative stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called ________.

The social-cognitive learning theory accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events, without references to mental events.

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

A friend asks you to meet her at a new restaurant across town. You have never been to this specific address, but you find your way there anyway because you have experienced __________ learning.

Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery but he refuses to buy her one. Joan continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For Joan, the cookie is a ________.

When one is first acquiring a response, learning is usually most rapid under a continuous reinforcement schedule.

Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia effect" in order to develop humane ways of discouraging predators from preying on livestock. Explain this effect and then describe the classic study in which coyotes developed conditioned aversions to sheep.

According to the behaviorists:

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Explain why extrinsic rewards can undermine the pleasure of doing something for its own sake.

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

Extrinsic rewards are not inherently related to the activity that is being reinforced.

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -Robert, who is not disabled, has paid a large fine for parking in a handicapped space, and no longer does it. The loss of money is a __________.

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

If a dog begins to salivate at the sight of its dog food dish, then the dish is called a conditioned stimulus.

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the: