Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

William takes an aspirin to relieve a minor headache. This is an example of ________.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another similar stimulus that differs from it on some dimension is called ________.

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -During late-afternoon "happy hours," bars and restaurants sell drinks at a reduced price and snacks are often free. What undesirable behavior may be rewarded by this practice?

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the food was placed in the dog's mouth-at the sight of the food dish. The salivation at the sight of the food dish is an example of a(n) ________.

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

In each of the following situations, choose the best alternative and give your reason for choosing it. -Your roommate keeps interrupting your studying even though you have asked her to stop. Should you ignore her completely or occasionally respond for the sake of good manners?

Humans are biologically primed to be especially susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears.

In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur. Describe the research on higher-order conditioning in which slugs were the research subjects.

Which of the following statements reflects the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

In order for latent learning to occur, there must be obvious reinforcement.

Operant conditioning occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

Secondary reinforcers and punishers are sometimes called conditioned reinforcers and punishers.

In each of the following situations, choose the best alternative and give your reason for choosing it. -You want your 2-year-old to ask for water with a word instead of a grunt. Should you give him water when he says "wa-wa" or wait until his pronunciation improves?

Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that precedes it.

In the first chapter of the textbook, What Is Psychology?, one of the critical thinking guidelines that we learned about was "Consider Other Interpretations." Before settling on one interpretation of the evidence, critical thinkers generate as many interpretations as possible. For example, an athlete wears a new pair of socks and then surpasses her own record for the number of baskets made during a game. Her socks become "lucky" and she makes sure to wear them for each basketball game. What type of reinforcement (from Chapter 7, Learning and Conditioning) explains the fact that she clings to her socks as a lucky charm? What other interpretations should she consider?

Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. He notices that Wally does not salivate to a D chord. Wally's lack of a response to the D chord illustrates the phenomenon of ________.

Describe two important differences between classical and operant conditioning.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Research discussed in your textbook suggests that a specific drug can speed up the extinction of a phobia (fear of heights) if taken during virtual reality treatments. This drug is believed to enhance a certain type of receptor in the _________.