Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true of corticospinal fibers?

Accepted Answer

A)  They may synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. 
B)  They may synapse directly on gamma motor neurons. 
C)  They may synapse directly on interneurons. 
D)  They are collectively sometimes called the extrapyramidal system. 
E)  They may synapse with afferent neurons in ascending pathways. 
A)  They may synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. 
B)  They may synapse directly on gamma motor neurons. 
C)  They may synapse directly on interneurons. 
D)  They are collectively sometimes called the extrapyramidal system. 
E)  They may synapse with afferent neurons in ascending pathways. D

Question 2

The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the motor control hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

A)  The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex, the primary motor cortex, muscle sensory receptors, and the basal nuclei. 
B)  The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex, and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. 
C)  Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program--a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement. 
D)  The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex, as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. 
E)  Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy. 
A)  The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex, the primary motor cortex, muscle sensory receptors, and the basal nuclei. 
B)  The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex, and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. 
C)  Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program--a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement. 
D)  The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex, as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. 
E)  Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy. C

Question 4

Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. 
B)  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C)  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors. 
D)  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles. 
E)  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons. 
A)  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. 
B)  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C)  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors. 
D)  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles. 
E)  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

Question 5

What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient. 
B)  Injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine. 
C)  Dopamine is highly addictive, creating a dependence in the patient that is worse than Parkinson disease. 
D)  Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and it has too many systemic side effects. 
E)  Dopamine is a protein that is digested in the stomach before it can enter a person's circulation. 
A)  Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient. 
B)  Injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine. 
C)  Dopamine is highly addictive, creating a dependence in the patient that is worse than Parkinson disease. 
D)  Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and it has too many systemic side effects. 
E)  Dopamine is a protein that is digested in the stomach before it can enter a person's circulation.

Question 6

The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Afferent fibers from muscle spindle stretch receptors in a muscle make excitatory synaptic contact with motor neurons that innervate the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

Accepted Answer

A)  A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm. 
B)  A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm. 
C)  Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm. 
D)  A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm. 
E)  Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensor muscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object. 
A)  A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm. 
B)  A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm. 
C)  Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm. 
D)  A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm. 
E)  Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensor muscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object.

Question 9

What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes?

Accepted Answer

A)  It prevents simultaneous activity of antagonistic muscle groups that would impede limb movement. 
B)  It ensures that limbs on the contralateral side of the body perform the same movements as those on the ipsilateral side. 
C)  It maintains signaling along afferent neurons from stretch receptors, even when a muscle shortens rapidly. 
D)  It prevents excessive force on a muscle from resulting in tearing of fibers, or damage to the tendon. 
E)  It recruits synergistic muscles to come to the aid of a muscle that help it generate force and limb motion. 
A)  It prevents simultaneous activity of antagonistic muscle groups that would impede limb movement. 
B)  It ensures that limbs on the contralateral side of the body perform the same movements as those on the ipsilateral side. 
C)  It maintains signaling along afferent neurons from stretch receptors, even when a muscle shortens rapidly. 
D)  It prevents excessive force on a muscle from resulting in tearing of fibers, or damage to the tendon. 
E)  It recruits synergistic muscles to come to the aid of a muscle that help it generate force and limb motion.

Question 10

Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Intrafusal muscle fibers:

Accepted Answer

A)  are found in muscle spindles. 
B)  are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C)  generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle. 
D)  fire continuously at a constant rate. 
E)  are only found in extensor muscles. 
A)  are found in muscle spindles. 
B)  are innervated by alpha motor neurons. 
C)  generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle. 
D)  fire continuously at a constant rate. 
E)  are only found in extensor muscles.

Question 12

Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

A)  flaccid paralysis 
B)  violent, uncontrolled body movements called chorea 
C)  intention tremors 
D)  resting tremors 
E)  spastic paralysis 
A)  flaccid paralysis 
B)  violent, uncontrolled body movements called chorea 
C)  intention tremors 
D)  resting tremors 
E)  spastic paralysis

Question 13

The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal nuclei from the motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cannot initiate movements, but will sit as though frozen for extended periods of time. 
B)  They have resting tremors, in which the head or limbs will continuously oscillate when no movement is intended. 
C)  They lose the ability to comprehend language, although they are still fully capable of speaking words. 
D)  All reflexes governing unconscious reactions to muscle stretch, muscle force, and nociceptor input are lost. 
E)  They cannot perform limb or eye movements smoothly, showing intention tremors that increase as a movement nears its final destination. 
A)  They cannot initiate movements, but will sit as though frozen for extended periods of time. 
B)  They have resting tremors, in which the head or limbs will continuously oscillate when no movement is intended. 
C)  They lose the ability to comprehend language, although they are still fully capable of speaking words. 
D)  All reflexes governing unconscious reactions to muscle stretch, muscle force, and nociceptor input are lost. 
E)  They cannot perform limb or eye movements smoothly, showing intention tremors that increase as a movement nears its final destination.

Question 17

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
B)  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
C)  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated. 
D)  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. 
E)  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. 
A)  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
B)  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. 
C)  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated. 
D)  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. 
E)  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

Question 18

The motor neuron pool of a skeletal muscle consists of the neurons of all of the motor units of that muscle.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

During motor activity, alpha-gamma coactivation provides important information regarding muscle length to the higher motor control centers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a loss of neurons in the reticular activating system that secrete acetylcholine. 
B)  There is a demyelination of alpha motor neurons important for posture and balance. 
C)  Neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and there is reduced delivery of dopamine to the basal nuclei. 
D)  Autoimmune destruction occurs in neurons in the motor regions of the cerebral cortex. 
E)  Damage to neurons of the cerebellum reduces the coordination of muscle movements. 
A)  There is a loss of neurons in the reticular activating system that secrete acetylcholine. 
B)  There is a demyelination of alpha motor neurons important for posture and balance. 
C)  Neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and there is reduced delivery of dopamine to the basal nuclei. 
D)  Autoimmune destruction occurs in neurons in the motor regions of the cerebral cortex. 
E)  Damage to neurons of the cerebellum reduces the coordination of muscle movements.

Which of the following is NOT true of corticospinal fibers?

The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the motor control hierarchy?

Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle?

What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine?

The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body.

Afferent fibers from muscle spindle stretch receptors in a muscle make excitatory synaptic contact with motor neurons that innervate the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle.

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes?

Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness.

Intrafusal muscle fibers:

Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?

The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal nuclei from the motor cortex.

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program.

What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease?

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

The motor neuron pool of a skeletal muscle consists of the neurons of all of the motor units of that muscle.

During motor activity, alpha-gamma coactivation provides important information regarding muscle length to the higher motor control centers.

What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

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Exam 10: Control of Body Movement

Which of the following is NOT true of corticospinal fibers?

The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the motor control hierarchy?

Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle?

What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine?

The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body.

Afferent fibers from muscle spindle stretch receptors in a muscle make excitatory synaptic contact with motor neurons that innervate the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle.

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes?

Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness.

Intrafusal muscle fibers:

Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?

The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal nuclei from the motor cortex.

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program.

What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease?

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

The motor neuron pool of a skeletal muscle consists of the neurons of all of the motor units of that muscle.

During motor activity, alpha-gamma coactivation provides important information regarding muscle length to the higher motor control centers.

What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

Filters