Question 1

Infants born prematurely frequently develop respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn because they have too few alveoli to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?

Accepted Answer

A)  the ventral respiratory group of the medulla oblongata 
B)  the pre-Bötzinger complex 
C)  the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata 
D)  the pneumotaxic center of the pons 
E)  the apneustic center of the pons 
A)  the ventral respiratory group of the medulla oblongata 
B)  the pre-Bötzinger complex 
C)  the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata 
D)  the pneumotaxic center of the pons 
E)  the apneustic center of the pons C

Question 3

The diaphragm is a large sheet of smooth muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Which of the following is most responsible for detecting an increase in systemic arterial H+ concentration?

Accepted Answer

A)  the medulla of the brainstem 
B)  the peripheral chemoreceptors 
C)  the central chemoreceptors 
D)  the diaphragm 
E)  the dorsal respiratory group 
A)  the medulla of the brainstem 
B)  the peripheral chemoreceptors 
C)  the central chemoreceptors 
D)  the diaphragm 
E)  the dorsal respiratory group

Question 5

If all other factors remain the same, which of these results in an increase in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased plasma [H+] 
B)  increased plasma temperature 
C)  increased plasma [2,3 diphosphoglycerate] 
D)  increased plasma PO2 
E)  increased plasma [carbon monoxide] 
A)  increased plasma [H+] 
B)  increased plasma temperature 
C)  increased plasma [2,3 diphosphoglycerate] 
D)  increased plasma PO2 
E)  increased plasma [carbon monoxide]

Question 6

Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in the curvature (upward movement) of the diaphragm 
B)  movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction of the internal intercostal muscles 
C)  flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm 
D)  contraction of the abdominal muscles 
E)  alveolar pressure increasing above atmospheric pressure 
A)  increase in the curvature (upward movement) of the diaphragm 
B)  movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction of the internal intercostal muscles 
C)  flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm 
D)  contraction of the abdominal muscles 
E)  alveolar pressure increasing above atmospheric pressure

Question 7

Which of the following are chemoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  hair cells in the cochlea 
B)  receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies 
C)  baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid arch 
D)  receptors that mediate the Hering-Breuer reflex 
A)  hair cells in the cochlea 
B)  receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies 
C)  baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid arch 
D)  receptors that mediate the Hering-Breuer reflex

Question 8

Emphysema is a disease characterized by low lung compliance, obstructed airways, and ventilation-perfusion inequality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Curve B below represents the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve for normal body temperature, arterial hydrogen ion concentration, and DPG concentration.

Accepted Answer

A)  Curve A may represent the dissociation at higher than normal arterial H+ concentration. 
B)  Curve C may represent the dissociation at lower than normal body temperature. 
C)  Curve A may represent the dissociation at very low 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels. 
D)  Curve C may represent the dissociation at lower than normal arterial H+ concentration. 
E)  Curve A may represent the dissociation at higher than normal body temperature. 
A)  Curve A may represent the dissociation at higher than normal arterial H+ concentration. 
B)  Curve C may represent the dissociation at lower than normal body temperature. 
C)  Curve A may represent the dissociation at very low 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels. 
D)  Curve C may represent the dissociation at lower than normal arterial H+ concentration. 
E)  Curve A may represent the dissociation at higher than normal body temperature.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true regarding ventilation-perfusion inequality?

Accepted Answer

A)  No inequality exists in normal lungs. 
B)  It may result from increased alveolar dead space. 
C)  It is increased from normal in patients with emphysema. 
D)  It is caused by too little or too much blood flow relative to ventilation. 
E)  It is caused by too little or too much ventilation relative to blood flow. 
A)  No inequality exists in normal lungs. 
B)  It may result from increased alveolar dead space. 
C)  It is increased from normal in patients with emphysema. 
D)  It is caused by too little or too much blood flow relative to ventilation. 
E)  It is caused by too little or too much ventilation relative to blood flow.

Question 11

Which occurs as a result of hypoventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  the pH of the blood increases 
B)  levels of blood O2 increase 
C)  levels of blood H+ ions increase 
D)  alveolar CO2 decreases to near atmospheric levels 
E)  alveolar oxygen increases toward atmospheric levels 
A)  the pH of the blood increases 
B)  levels of blood O2 increase 
C)  levels of blood H+ ions increase 
D)  alveolar CO2 decreases to near atmospheric levels 
E)  alveolar oxygen increases toward atmospheric levels

Question 12

Which of the following is a cause of asthma?

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of alveoli 
B)  inflammation of the bronchioles 
C)  elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure 
D)  environmental chemicals that stimulate $\beta$2-adrenergic receptors 
E)  lack of pulmonary surfactant 
A)  loss of alveoli 
B)  inflammation of the bronchioles 
C)  elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure 
D)  environmental chemicals that stimulate $\beta$2-adrenergic receptors 
E)  lack of pulmonary surfactant

Question 13

A decrease in arterial PO2 stimulates increased ventilation by causing increased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons from the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is lower than alveolar pressure. 
B)  It is between +5 and +10 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity. 
C)  It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure. 
D)  During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure. 
E)  It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale. 
A)  It is lower than alveolar pressure. 
B)  It is between +5 and +10 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity. 
C)  It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure. 
D)  During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure. 
E)  It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

Question 15

After CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  as dissolved CO2 
B)  bound to hemoglobin 
C)  as H2CO3 
D)  as dissolved HCO3- 
E)  as carbonic anhydrase 
A)  as dissolved CO2 
B)  bound to hemoglobin 
C)  as H2CO3 
D)  as dissolved HCO3- 
E)  as carbonic anhydrase

Question 16

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  H2O and O2 
B)  H2O and CO2 
C)  H2O and CO 
D)  H+ and HCO3- 
E)  CO2 and O2 
A)  H2O and O2 
B)  H2O and CO2 
C)  H2O and CO 
D)  H+ and HCO3- 
E)  CO2 and O2

Question 17

The majority of hydrogen ions generated in the formation of carbonic acid in the tissues are carried as freely dissolved H+ in the venous blood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the inspiratory muscles are dependent upon spontaneous depolarizations of the diaphragm.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  bound to hemoglobin 
B)  dissolved in the plasma 
C)  dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes 
D)  converted to HCO3- 
E)  bound to myoglobin 
A)  bound to hemoglobin 
B)  dissolved in the plasma 
C)  dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes 
D)  converted to HCO3- 
E)  bound to myoglobin

Question 20

The key difference between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin is that fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, because the levels of oxygen in placental blood is 2 to 3 times higher than other systemic arteries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Infants born prematurely frequently develop respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn because they have too few alveoli to exchange O₂ and CO₂ efficiently.

What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?

The diaphragm is a large sheet of smooth muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.

Which of the following is most responsible for detecting an increase in systemic arterial H⁺ concentration?

If all other factors remain the same, which of these results in an increase in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin?

Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?

Which of the following are chemoreceptors?

Emphysema is a disease characterized by low lung compliance, obstructed airways, and ventilation-perfusion inequality.

Curve B below represents the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve for normal body temperature, arterial hydrogen ion concentration, and DPG concentration.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding ventilation-perfusion inequality?

Which occurs as a result of hypoventilation?

Which of the following is a cause of asthma?

A decrease in arterial P_O2 stimulates increased ventilation by causing increased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons from the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors.

Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure?

After CO₂ is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

The majority of hydrogen ions generated in the formation of carbonic acid in the tissues are carried as freely dissolved H⁺ in the venous blood.

The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the inspiratory muscles are dependent upon spontaneous depolarizations of the diaphragm.

In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?

The key difference between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin is that fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, because the levels of oxygen in placental blood is 2 to 3 times higher than other systemic arteries.

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

Filters

Exam 13: Respiratory Physiology

Infants born prematurely frequently develop respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn because they have too few alveoli to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently.

What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?

The diaphragm is a large sheet of smooth muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.

Which of the following is most responsible for detecting an increase in systemic arterial H+ concentration?

If all other factors remain the same, which of these results in an increase in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin?

Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?

Which of the following are chemoreceptors?

Emphysema is a disease characterized by low lung compliance, obstructed airways, and ventilation-perfusion inequality.

Curve B below represents the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve for normal body temperature, arterial hydrogen ion concentration, and DPG concentration.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding ventilation-perfusion inequality?

Which occurs as a result of hypoventilation?

Which of the following is a cause of asthma?

A decrease in arterial PO2 stimulates increased ventilation by causing increased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons from the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors.

Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure?

After CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

The majority of hydrogen ions generated in the formation of carbonic acid in the tissues are carried as freely dissolved H+ in the venous blood.

The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the inspiratory muscles are dependent upon spontaneous depolarizations of the diaphragm.

In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?

The key difference between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin is that fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, because the levels of oxygen in placental blood is 2 to 3 times higher than other systemic arteries.

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

Filters

Infants born prematurely frequently develop respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn because they have too few alveoli to exchange O₂ and CO₂ efficiently.

Which of the following is most responsible for detecting an increase in systemic arterial H⁺ concentration?

A decrease in arterial P_O2 stimulates increased ventilation by causing increased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons from the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors.

After CO₂ is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

The majority of hydrogen ions generated in the formation of carbonic acid in the tissues are carried as freely dissolved H⁺ in the venous blood.