Exam 7: Learning

A reward prediction error is the difference between the:

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario I Tyler is physically dependent on heroin and injects it intravenously multiple times per day.Most often,he uses with his dealer in a drug house on his street.One day when his dealer was out of town,Tyler met a group of fellow users going to a drug party about 2 hours away.Tyler tagged along,and noted that he felt odd injecting the drug in this setting,because the new people and environment were a marked departure from his usual routine.Minutes later,although the drug was of the same quality and he took no more or less than usual,Tyler overdosed and had to be rushed to the emergency room. -(Scenario I)The contextual cues associated with Tyler's usual drug-taking environment might NOT be expected to elicit:

Last week,Harry drank too much tequila,and doing so made him vomit.Now just the smell of tequila makes his stomach a bit queasy.Vomiting after drinking too much tequila is an example of a:

A general process in which the presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus is termed:

Which behaviour at first requires explicit learning but,over time,becomes implicit?

In one of his experiments,Skinner put several pigeons in Skinner boxes,set the food dispenser to deliver food every 15 seconds,and left the birds to their own devices.Later,he returned and found the birds engaging in odd,idiosyncratic behaviours,such as pecking aimlessly in a corner or turning in circles.Skinner referred to these behaviours as:

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1,000-hz tone due to its pairing with food.After this training,it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone.Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____,and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.

Shaping reinforces _____ behaviour sequences until the overall sequence of behaviour is performed reliably.

Habituation occurs only in complex organisms.

Which factor is NOT part of Skinner's three-term contingency?

Individual differences are more commonly found in _____ tasks than for _____ ones.

As the delay increases between the behaviour and the consequence,reinforcers _____ and punishers _____ effectiveness.

Angie's bad-tempered boss wears a particular type of cologne.She is usually uncomfortable in his presence.One day,Angie was at the mall when she smelled the same cologne.The smell triggered a momentary feeling of uneasiness.In this example,which factor served as the unconditioned stimulus?

Primary reinforcers help satisfy:

Spontaneous recovery after extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.

Use the following to answer questions : Scenario II A boy with autism sometimes engages in self-stimulatory behaviour such as waving his hands in front of his eyes while doing his homework.Curiously,he engages in this behaviour when his father is around but usually not when his mother is.An applied behaviour analyst working with the boy closely observes the interactions between the boy and his parents in an effort to determine why the self-stimulatory behaviour is occurring.She notes that,on the rare occasions when the boy engages in the problem behaviour in the presence of his mother,the mother simply ignores this behaviour.However,after the problem behaviour occurs a number of times in the presence of the father,the father often intervenes.While he does not provide attention to his son,he does remove the homework materials for a number of minutes,essentially giving the boy a break.This usually calms the boy and results in the cessation of the problem behaviour.The therapist notes that the amount of self-stimulatory behaviour before the father intervenes is quite unpredictable;sometimes the father intervenes after only one or two instances,and sometimes he waits until many instances occur in an effort to keep the boy on task with his homework as long as possible. -(Scenario II)The boy's self-stimulatory behaviour produces consequences according to a _____ schedule.

Edward Chace Tolman introduced the term cognitive map.

In a series of studies by Delgado and colleagues (2005),participants chose to share or not share money with their assigned partners based on false written descriptions of their partners' trustworthiness and not the level of sharing actually demonstrated by their partners in the game.These results suggest that:

The more often a person eats a particular food,the more likely it is that she ultimately will form a taste aversion to it.

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that conditioning will be easier when the: