Question 1

Describe two distinct mechanisms by which naive CD8 T cells can be activated.

Accepted Answer

(i)	Virus-infected dendritic cells provide adequate co-stimulation (via B7) and can activate CD8 T cells directly without the involvement of CD4 T cells. CD8 T cells receive signal 1 (MHC:T-cell receptor) and signal 2 (B7:CD28), synthesize IL-2 and the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, and proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells.
(ii)	In some cases, virus-infected dendritic cells cannot on their own fully activate naive CD8 T cells but the CD8 T cell begins to express IL-2 receptors. With the provision of help from effector CD4 T cells in the form of IL-2 secretion, these CD8 T cells are fully activated. For this to occur, simultaneous interaction with both the naive CD8 T cell and the effector CD4 T cell must occur.

Question 2

Clonal expansion and differentiation of naive T cells to effector T cells depends on the activation of the transcription factor(s)_____ through a ZAP-70-mediated signal transduction pathway.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) AP-1 
B) IL-2 
C) NFκB 
D) NFAT 
E) Ras. 
A) AP-1 
B) IL-2 
C) NFκB 
D) NFAT 
E) Ras. A,C,D

Question 3

Which of the following is a protein tyrosine kinase involved in T-cell activation culminating in T-cell proliferation and differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A) AP-1 
B) ZAP-70 
C) NFκB 
D) NFAT 
E) calcineurin. 
A) AP-1 
B) ZAP-70 
C) NFκB 
D) NFAT 
E) calcineurin. B

Question 4

Binding of _____ to _____ induces T-cell proliferation and differentiation of activated T cells.

Accepted Answer

A) CD4; MHC class II 
B) CD28; B7 
C) LFA-1; ICAM-1 
D) IL-2; the high-affinity IL-2 receptor 
E) IL-2; the low-affinity IL-2 receptor. 
A) CD4; MHC class II 
B) CD28; B7 
C) LFA-1; ICAM-1 
D) IL-2; the high-affinity IL-2 receptor 
E) IL-2; the low-affinity IL-2 receptor.

Question 5

Expression of IFN-γ is induced in a CD4 TH1 cell under the direction of the transcription factor ______.

Accepted Answer

A) T-bet 
B) FoxP3 
C) AP-1 
D) GATA-3 
E) NFAT. 
A) T-bet 
B) FoxP3 
C) AP-1 
D) GATA-3 
E) NFAT.

Question 6

A.Which cell-surface glycoprotein distinguishes professional antigen-presenting cells from other cells and is involved in the co-stimulation of T cells?
B.What receptors can it bind on the T cell and what signal does it deliver in each case?
C.Explain the consequence of antigen recognition by T cells in the absence of this glycoprotein on the antigen-presenting cell.

Accepted Answer

A.Expression of B7,a co-stimulator molec

Question 7

Which of the following is not produced by TH17 cells?

Accepted Answer

A) ICOS (inducible T-cell co-stimulator) 
B) IL-17 
C) CD4 
D) IL-21 
E) STAT3 
A) ICOS (inducible T-cell co-stimulator) 
B) IL-17 
C) CD4 
D) IL-21 
E) STAT3

Question 8

A.	Identify three types of professional antigen-presenting cell.
B.	How are they distributed in secondary lymphoid tissue?
C.	Which kinds of antigen do they present efficiently to T cells?

Accepted Answer

.The three types of professional antigen

Question 9

A.	Which selectins, mucin-like vascular addressins, and integrins have a role in the circulation of T cells between the blood and lymphoid tissues?
B.	Describe in chronological order how T cells migrate across lymph node high endothelial venules (HEVs) from the blood by using these molecules.

Accepted Answer

.T cells (and B cells)express L-selectin

Question 10

Which of the following is not produced by T follicular helper (TFH)cells?

Accepted Answer

A) CD4 
B) IL-4 
C) IFN-γ 
D) TNF-α 
E) IL-21 
A) CD4 
B) IL-4 
C) IFN-γ 
D) TNF-α 
E) IL-21

Question 11

All of the following statements regarding interleukin-2 (IL-2)or its receptor are true except _____.

Accepted Answer

A) The low-affinity IL-2 receptor is a membrane-bound heterodimer composed of α and β chains. 
B) IL-2 production increases approximately 100-fold if a co-stimulatory signal is delivered. 
C) T-cell proliferation occurs upon binding of IL-2 to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. 
D) The high-affinity IL-2 receptor is assembled after T-cell activation. 
E) Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits signaling of IL-2 through the IL-2 receptor. 
A) The low-affinity IL-2 receptor is a membrane-bound heterodimer composed of α and β chains. 
B) IL-2 production increases approximately 100-fold if a co-stimulatory signal is delivered. 
C) T-cell proliferation occurs upon binding of IL-2 to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. 
D) The high-affinity IL-2 receptor is assembled after T-cell activation. 
E) Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits signaling of IL-2 through the IL-2 receptor.

Question 12

Virus-infected cells attacked and killed by effector cytotoxic T cells are often surrounded by healthy tissue,which is spared from destruction.
A.Explain the mechanism that ensures that cytotoxic T cells kill only the virus-infected cells (the target cells).
B.What cytotoxins do cytotoxic T cells produce?

Accepted Answer

A.Cytotoxic T cells focus their killing

Question 13

All of the following indicate correct intermolecular associations except _____.

Accepted Answer

A) Janus kinases (JAKs): serglycin 
B) L-selectin: GlyCAM-1 
C) VLA-4: VCAM-1 
D) JAKs: signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) 
E) CD40: CD40 ligand. 
A) Janus kinases (JAKs): serglycin 
B) L-selectin: GlyCAM-1 
C) VLA-4: VCAM-1 
D) JAKs: signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) 
E) CD40: CD40 ligand.

Question 14

The process by which cytotoxic T cells kill their targets involves _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) inducing the target cell to undergo necrosis 
B) inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death)in the cytotoxic T cell 
C) DNA fragmentation in lengths of multiples of 200 base pairs in the target cell 
D) shedding of membrane-bound vesicles and shrinking of the target cell 
E) release of granzyme,perforin,and granulysin by the cytotoxic T cell. 
A) inducing the target cell to undergo necrosis 
B) inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death)in the cytotoxic T cell 
C) DNA fragmentation in lengths of multiples of 200 base pairs in the target cell 
D) shedding of membrane-bound vesicles and shrinking of the target cell 
E) release of granzyme,perforin,and granulysin by the cytotoxic T cell.

Question 15

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)are _____ that are phosphorylated by _____.

Accepted Answer

A) transcription factors; JAKs 
B) protein kinases; other STATs 
C) cytokine receptors; JAKs 
D) cytokines; cytokine receptors 
E) transcription factors; Lck. 
A) transcription factors; JAKs 
B) protein kinases; other STATs 
C) cytokine receptors; JAKs 
D) cytokines; cytokine receptors 
E) transcription factors; Lck.

Question 16

During cytokine signaling,_____ translocate(s)to the nucleus and direct(s)the upregulation of gene expression.

Accepted Answer

A) perforin 
B) STATs 
C) CD40 ligand 
D) TGF-β 
E) CXCL2. 
A) perforin 
B) STATs 
C) CD40 ligand 
D) TGF-β 
E) CXCL2.

Question 17

Parents who were distantly related to each other brought their 11-week-old infant Kristen to the emergency room after she had a seizure accompanied by a persistently high fever and running nose.Her liver and spleen were palpable (hepatosplenomegaly).Laboratory tests revealed abnormally high levels of lymphocytes,and of the cytokines IFNγ,TNF-α,and IL-6.Conversely,levels of hemoglobin and platelets were abnormally low.Bone marrow aspiration showed the presence of macrophages containing phagocytosed red blood cells and numerous large granular lymphocytes.Molecular analysis was carried out to confirm the physician's suspicion of a congenital immunodeficiency.A frameshift mutation in the perforin gene PRF1 was found on both chromosomes.Kristen was diagnosed with the rare,potentially life-threatening disease known as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL).Cytotoxic and aggressive immunosuppressive chemotherapy was administered followed by a matched unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplant.Two years later Kristen is a healthy toddler.Which of the following would not be consistent with the etiology of FHL?

Accepted Answer

A) impaired cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells 
B) inhibition of transcriptional activators required for IL-2 synthesis 
C) inability to kill virus-infected cells 
D) persistent activation of CD8 T cells causing secretion of large amounts of IFN-γ 
E) IFN-γ activation of macrophages which in turn drives the production of IL-6,TNF-α,and other pro-inflammatory molecules. 
A) impaired cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells 
B) inhibition of transcriptional activators required for IL-2 synthesis 
C) inability to kill virus-infected cells 
D) persistent activation of CD8 T cells causing secretion of large amounts of IFN-γ 
E) IFN-γ activation of macrophages which in turn drives the production of IL-6,TNF-α,and other pro-inflammatory molecules.

Question 18

All of the following are included in the central supramolecular activation complex (c-SMAC)except _____.

Accepted Answer

A) CD4 or CD8 
B) ICAM-1 
C) CD28 
D) T-cell receptor 
E) PKC-θ. 
A) CD4 or CD8 
B) ICAM-1 
C) CD28 
D) T-cell receptor 
E) PKC-θ.

Question 19

Which of the following is associated with immature dendritic cells in the skin before their activation?

Accepted Answer

A) Toll-like receptors 
B) CTLA4 
C) CCR7 
D) DC-SIGN 
E) ICAM-3. 
A) Toll-like receptors 
B) CTLA4 
C) CCR7 
D) DC-SIGN 
E) ICAM-3.

Question 20

Which of the following is incorrect regarding sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)and its receptor?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a lipid that has chemotactic activity. 
B) S1P gradients are established in lymph nodes with lowest concentrations in T-cell areas. 
C) CD69 upregulates S1P receptor expression on the surface of naive T cells. 
D) S1P is synthesized by all cells. 
A) It is a lipid that has chemotactic activity. 
B) S1P gradients are established in lymph nodes with lowest concentrations in T-cell areas. 
C) CD69 upregulates S1P receptor expression on the surface of naive T cells. 
D) S1P is synthesized by all cells.

Describe two distinct mechanisms by which naive CD8 T cells can be activated.

Clonal expansion and differentiation of naive T cells to effector T cells depends on the activation of the transcription factor(s)_____ through a ZAP-70-mediated signal transduction pathway.(Select all that apply.)

Which of the following is a protein tyrosine kinase involved in T-cell activation culminating in T-cell proliferation and differentiation?

Binding of _ to _ induces T-cell proliferation and differentiation of activated T cells.

Expression of IFN-γ is induced in a CD4 T_H1 cell under the direction of the transcription factor ______.

Which of the following is not produced by T_H17 cells?

A. Identify three types of professional antigen-presenting cell. B. How are they distributed in secondary lymphoid tissue? C. Which kinds of antigen do they present efficiently to T cells?

A. Which selectins, mucin-like vascular addressins, and integrins have a role in the circulation of T cells between the blood and lymphoid tissues? B. Describe in chronological order how T cells migrate across lymph node high endothelial venules (HEVs) from the blood by using these molecules.

Which of the following is not produced by T follicular helper (T_FH)cells?

All of the following statements regarding interleukin-2 (IL-2)or its receptor are true except _____.

All of the following indicate correct intermolecular associations except _____.

The process by which cytotoxic T cells kill their targets involves _____.(Select all that apply.)

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)are _ that are phosphorylated by _.

During cytokine signaling,_____ translocate(s)to the nucleus and direct(s)the upregulation of gene expression.

All of the following are included in the central supramolecular activation complex (c-SMAC)except _____.

Which of the following is associated with immature dendritic cells in the skin before their activation?

Which of the following is incorrect regarding sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)and its receptor?

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

Exam 8: T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Describe two distinct mechanisms by which naive CD8 T cells can be activated.

Clonal expansion and differentiation of naive T cells to effector T cells depends on the activation of the transcription factor(s)_____ through a ZAP-70-mediated signal transduction pathway.(Select all that apply.)

Which of the following is a protein tyrosine kinase involved in T-cell activation culminating in T-cell proliferation and differentiation?

Binding of _____ to _____ induces T-cell proliferation and differentiation of activated T cells.

Expression of IFN-γ is induced in a CD4 TH1 cell under the direction of the transcription factor ______.

Which of the following is not produced by TH17 cells?

A. Identify three types of professional antigen-presenting cell. B. How are they distributed in secondary lymphoid tissue? C. Which kinds of antigen do they present efficiently to T cells?

A. Which selectins, mucin-like vascular addressins, and integrins have a role in the circulation of T cells between the blood and lymphoid tissues? B. Describe in chronological order how T cells migrate across lymph node high endothelial venules (HEVs) from the blood by using these molecules.

Which of the following is not produced by T follicular helper (TFH)cells?

All of the following statements regarding interleukin-2 (IL-2)or its receptor are true except _____.

All of the following indicate correct intermolecular associations except _____.

The process by which cytotoxic T cells kill their targets involves _____.(Select all that apply.)

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)are _____ that are phosphorylated by _____.

During cytokine signaling,_____ translocate(s)to the nucleus and direct(s)the upregulation of gene expression.

All of the following are included in the central supramolecular activation complex (c-SMAC)except _____.

Which of the following is associated with immature dendritic cells in the skin before their activation?

Which of the following is incorrect regarding sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)and its receptor?

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

Binding of _ to _ induces T-cell proliferation and differentiation of activated T cells.

Expression of IFN-γ is induced in a CD4 T_H1 cell under the direction of the transcription factor ______.

Which of the following is not produced by T_H17 cells?

Which of the following is not produced by T follicular helper (T_FH)cells?

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)are _ that are phosphorylated by _.