Question 1

Which of the following enzymes facilitates the process of affinity maturation?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA ligase 
B) V(
D) J recombinase 
C) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 
D) activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AI
D)  
E) exonuclease. 
A) DNA ligase 
B) V(
D) J recombinase 
C) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 
D) activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AI
D)  
E) exonuclease. D

Question 2

The enzyme responsible for adding N nucleotides is

Accepted Answer

A) V(
D) J recombinase 
B) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 
C) uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG) 
D) DNA ligase 
E) activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AI
D) . 
A) V(
D) J recombinase 
B) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 
C) uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG) 
D) DNA ligase 
E) activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AI
D) . B

Question 3

A.	Explain briefly how a vast number of immunoglobulins of different antigen specificities can be produced from the relatively small number of immunoglobulin genes present in the genome. Include the following terms in your explanation: somatic recombination; germline configuration; V, D, and J segments.
B.	What is the final arrangement of gene segments in the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene V region, and in what order do these gene segment rearrangements occur?
C.	In what order do the various immunoglobulin loci rearrange?

Accepted Answer

A.	In developing B cells, gene rearrangements within the genetic loci for immunoglobulin light and heavy chains can produce an almost unlimited variety of different variable regions, and thus produce the huge repertoire of antibodies with different specificities for many types of antigen. This gene rearrangement mechanism is called somatic recombination. In the germline configuration, before gene rearrangement, the immunoglobulin loci in progenitor B cells are composed of sequences encoding the constant regions and families of gene segments encoding different portions of the variable region. Heavy-chain loci contain a series of gene segments called variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J). Light-chain loci contain only V and J gene segments. In somatic recombination in developing B cells, one of each family of gene segments is randomly selected and joined together to give a complete variable-region sequence, which is subsequently expressed as an immunoglobulin heavy or light chain. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement is irreversible, leading to permanent alteration of the chromosome; it occurs exclusively in B cells.
B.	A D gene segment first joins to a J to form DJ, followed by a V becoming joined to DJ to form VDJ, which encodes a complete variable region.
C.	The heavy-chain locus rearranges before the light-chain loci. For light chains in humans, the κ locus rearranges first and is followed by the λ locus only if both κ loci fail to produce a successful rearrangement.

Question 4

In what way does the κ light chain differ from the λ light chain?

Accepted Answer

A) κ performs a different function from λ when bound to the immunoglobulin heavy chain. 
B) κ,but not λ,is encoded on the same chromosome as the heavy-chain locus. 
C) κ contains a VJ region,whereas λ contains a VDJ region. 
D) The κ locus encodes a single C segment,whereas the λ locus has more than one. 
E) κ contains a transmembrane domain but lambda does not. 
A) κ performs a different function from λ when bound to the immunoglobulin heavy chain. 
B) κ,but not λ,is encoded on the same chromosome as the heavy-chain locus. 
C) κ contains a VJ region,whereas λ contains a VDJ region. 
D) The κ locus encodes a single C segment,whereas the λ locus has more than one. 
E) κ contains a transmembrane domain but lambda does not.

Question 5

On the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene locus,recombination signal sequences flank _______ of the V segment,_______ of the D segment,and _______ of the J segment.

Accepted Answer

A) the 5′ side; both sides; the 3′ side 
B) the 5′ side; the 5′ side,the 5′ side 
C) the 3′ side; both sides; the 3′ side 
D) both sides; both sides; both sides 
E) the 3′ side; both sides; the 5′ side. 
A) the 5′ side; both sides; the 3′ side 
B) the 5′ side; the 5′ side,the 5′ side 
C) the 3′ side; both sides; the 3′ side 
D) both sides; both sides; both sides 
E) the 3′ side; both sides; the 5′ side.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is correct concerning membrane-coding (MC)exons of immunoglobulin genes?

Accepted Answer

A) MC exons are located upstream (5′)of the constant-domain exons. 
B) MC exons code for amino acids that anchor and stabilize the light chain to the membrane of B cells. 
C) MC exons specify transmembrane hydrophobic amino acids that associate with the B-cell membrane. 
D) MC exons are removed from primary RNA transcripts as a consequence of alternative mRNA splicing when secreted antibodies are produced by plasma cells. 
E) Somatic hypermutation causes alteration in the coding sequence of MC exons. 
A) MC exons are located upstream (5′)of the constant-domain exons. 
B) MC exons code for amino acids that anchor and stabilize the light chain to the membrane of B cells. 
C) MC exons specify transmembrane hydrophobic amino acids that associate with the B-cell membrane. 
D) MC exons are removed from primary RNA transcripts as a consequence of alternative mRNA splicing when secreted antibodies are produced by plasma cells. 
E) Somatic hypermutation causes alteration in the coding sequence of MC exons.

Question 7

All of the following are utilized in the binding of antibodies to antigens except

Accepted Answer

A) interchain disulfide bonds 
B) hydrogen bonding 
C) hydrophobic interactions 
D) electrostatic forces (salt bridges) 
E) van der Waals interactions. 
A) interchain disulfide bonds 
B) hydrogen bonding 
C) hydrophobic interactions 
D) electrostatic forces (salt bridges) 
E) van der Waals interactions.

Question 8

Junctional diversity during gene rearrangement results from the addition of

Accepted Answer

A) switch region nucleotides 
B) P and N nucleotides 
C) V,D,and J nucleotides 
D) recombination signal sequences 
E) mutations in complementarity-determining regions. 
A) switch region nucleotides 
B) P and N nucleotides 
C) V,D,and J nucleotides 
D) recombination signal sequences 
E) mutations in complementarity-determining regions.

Question 9

The _______ contribute to antigen specificity of immunoglobulins,and _______ make up the more conservative flanking regions.

Accepted Answer

A) hypervariable loops; framework regions 
B) constant domains; variable domains 
C) heavy chains; light chains 
D) variable gene segments; joining gene segments 
E) antigenic determinants; complementarity determining regions. 
A) hypervariable loops; framework regions 
B) constant domains; variable domains 
C) heavy chains; light chains 
D) variable gene segments; joining gene segments 
E) antigenic determinants; complementarity determining regions.

Question 10

In contrast with leader peptides and the C regions,the V regions in immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes

Accepted Answer

A) encode hydrophobic amino acids that anchor the immunoglobulin chains to B-cell membranes 
B) comprise the smallest number of gene segments in the human immunoglobulin loci 
C) are composed of V,D,and J gene segments that must undergo gene rearrangement to generate a transcribable exon 
D) do not undergo somatic hypermutation 
E) are not subject to allelic exclusion. 
A) encode hydrophobic amino acids that anchor the immunoglobulin chains to B-cell membranes 
B) comprise the smallest number of gene segments in the human immunoglobulin loci 
C) are composed of V,D,and J gene segments that must undergo gene rearrangement to generate a transcribable exon 
D) do not undergo somatic hypermutation 
E) are not subject to allelic exclusion.

Question 11

Another term commonly used to describe hypervariable loops is

Accepted Answer

A) multivalency 
B) framework regions 
C) hinge region 
D) complementarity-determining regions 
E) signal joint. 
A) multivalency 
B) framework regions 
C) hinge region 
D) complementarity-determining regions 
E) signal joint.

Question 12

With the exception of B cells,all other cells of the body have the immunoglobulin genes in the

Accepted Answer

A) germline configuration 
B) monoclonal form 
C) recombined configuration 
D) expressed configuration 
E) chimeric form. 
A) germline configuration 
B) monoclonal form 
C) recombined configuration 
D) expressed configuration 
E) chimeric form.

Question 13

Which of the following does not describe B-cell receptors?

Accepted Answer

A) B-cell receptors are membrane-bound and secreted. 
B) B-cell receptors consist of a variable region and a constant region. 
C) B-cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigens. 
D) B-cell receptors possess specificity and can therefore bind only to unique epitopes. 
E) B cell receptors undergo affinity maturation as a consequence of somatic hypermutation. 
A) B-cell receptors are membrane-bound and secreted. 
B) B-cell receptors consist of a variable region and a constant region. 
C) B-cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigens. 
D) B-cell receptors possess specificity and can therefore bind only to unique epitopes. 
E) B cell receptors undergo affinity maturation as a consequence of somatic hypermutation.

Question 14

The process of _____ results in change in the constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies,causing a change in the effector function and transport properties of antibodies:

Accepted Answer

A) complement fixation 
B) neutralization 
C) isotype switching 
D) somatic hypermutation 
E) somatic recombination. 
A) complement fixation 
B) neutralization 
C) isotype switching 
D) somatic hypermutation 
E) somatic recombination.

Question 15

How is additional diversity introduced into the variable region by the molecular mechanism of somatic recombination? Include the following terms in your

Accepted Answer

The rejoining and repair of DNA during t

Question 16

_____ is secreted into the bloodstream,whereas _____ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid,colostrum,saliva,tears,and sweat.

Accepted Answer

A) monomeric IgM: pentameric IgM 
B) monomeric IgA: dimeric IgA 
C) monomeric IgA: dimeric IgG 
D) monomeric IgA: monomeric IgM 
E) dimeric IgA: pentameric IgM. 
A) monomeric IgM: pentameric IgM 
B) monomeric IgA: dimeric IgA 
C) monomeric IgA: dimeric IgG 
D) monomeric IgA: monomeric IgM 
E) dimeric IgA: pentameric IgM.

Question 17

The five isotypes of immunoglobulin differ from each other in their _____:

Accepted Answer

A) light-chain constant regions 
B) heavy-chain constant regions 
C) light-chain variable regions 
D) heavy-chain variable regions 
E) heavy-chain variable and constant regions. 
A) light-chain constant regions 
B) heavy-chain constant regions 
C) light-chain variable regions 
D) heavy-chain variable regions 
E) heavy-chain variable and constant regions.

Question 18

Which of the following determines the isotype of an immunoglobulin?

Accepted Answer

A) the composition of the hypervariable regions 
B) whether the immunoglobulin is membrane-bound or secreted 
C) its light chain 
D) its heavy chain 
E) the composition of the cytoplasmic tails of Igα and Igβ 
A) the composition of the hypervariable regions 
B) whether the immunoglobulin is membrane-bound or secreted 
C) its light chain 
D) its heavy chain 
E) the composition of the cytoplasmic tails of Igα and Igβ

Question 19

A.	What is an epitope?
B.	Define the term multivalent antigen.
C.	How does a linear epitope differ from a conformational epitope?
D.	Do antibodies bind their antigens via noncovalent bonding or via covalent bonding?

Accepted Answer

A.An epitope is the specific part of the

Question 20

Explain how mature,naive B cells co-express IgM and IgD.

Accepted Answer

Naive B cells express IgM and IgD simult

Which of the following enzymes facilitates the process of affinity maturation?

The enzyme responsible for adding N nucleotides is

In what way does the κ light chain differ from the λ light chain?

On the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene locus,recombination signal sequences flank ___ of the V segment,_ of the D segment,and _____ of the J segment.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning membrane-coding (MC)exons of immunoglobulin genes?

All of the following are utilized in the binding of antibodies to antigens except

Junctional diversity during gene rearrangement results from the addition of

The _ contribute to antigen specificity of immunoglobulins,and _ make up the more conservative flanking regions.

In contrast with leader peptides and the C regions,the V regions in immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes

Another term commonly used to describe hypervariable loops is

With the exception of B cells,all other cells of the body have the immunoglobulin genes in the

Which of the following does not describe B-cell receptors?

The process of _____ results in change in the constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies,causing a change in the effector function and transport properties of antibodies:

How is additional diversity introduced into the variable region by the molecular mechanism of somatic recombination? Include the following terms in your

_ is secreted into the bloodstream,whereas _ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid,colostrum,saliva,tears,and sweat.

The five isotypes of immunoglobulin differ from each other in their _____:

Which of the following determines the isotype of an immunoglobulin?

A. What is an epitope? B. Define the term multivalent antigen. C. How does a linear epitope differ from a conformational epitope? D. Do antibodies bind their antigens via noncovalent bonding or via covalent bonding?

Explain how mature,naive B cells co-express IgM and IgD.

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

Exam 4: Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Which of the following enzymes facilitates the process of affinity maturation?

The enzyme responsible for adding N nucleotides is

In what way does the κ light chain differ from the λ light chain?

On the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene locus,recombination signal sequences flank _______ of the V segment,_______ of the D segment,and _______ of the J segment.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning membrane-coding (MC)exons of immunoglobulin genes?

All of the following are utilized in the binding of antibodies to antigens except

Junctional diversity during gene rearrangement results from the addition of

The _______ contribute to antigen specificity of immunoglobulins,and _______ make up the more conservative flanking regions.

In contrast with leader peptides and the C regions,the V regions in immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes

Another term commonly used to describe hypervariable loops is

With the exception of B cells,all other cells of the body have the immunoglobulin genes in the

Which of the following does not describe B-cell receptors?

The process of _____ results in change in the constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies,causing a change in the effector function and transport properties of antibodies:

How is additional diversity introduced into the variable region by the molecular mechanism of somatic recombination? Include the following terms in your

_____ is secreted into the bloodstream,whereas _____ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid,colostrum,saliva,tears,and sweat.

The five isotypes of immunoglobulin differ from each other in their _____:

Which of the following determines the isotype of an immunoglobulin?

A. What is an epitope? B. Define the term multivalent antigen. C. How does a linear epitope differ from a conformational epitope? D. Do antibodies bind their antigens via noncovalent bonding or via covalent bonding?

Explain how mature,naive B cells co-express IgM and IgD.

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

On the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene locus,recombination signal sequences flank ___ of the V segment,_ of the D segment,and _____ of the J segment.

The _ contribute to antigen specificity of immunoglobulins,and _ make up the more conservative flanking regions.

_ is secreted into the bloodstream,whereas _ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid,colostrum,saliva,tears,and sweat.