Question 1

During droughts,water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

The recognition that the length of a coastline depends on the scale at which it is measured is a result of the branch of mathematics called ___________.

Accepted Answer

fractal geometry

Question 3

A "caliche layer" in soil is

Accepted Answer

A) a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B) a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3,MgNO3)from over-fertilization. 
C) a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D) a layer of younger soil overlaying an old,depleted soil. 
E) a layer polluted with heavy metals. 
A) a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B) a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3,MgNO3)from over-fertilization. 
C) a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D) a layer of younger soil overlaying an old,depleted soil. 
E) a layer polluted with heavy metals. A

Question 4

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site,open patches connected to other open patches

Accepted Answer

A) had higher butterfly densities. 
B) supported more frequent butterfly movements. 
C) had higher rates of plant pollination. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) both had higher butterfly densities and had higher rates of plant pollination. 
A) had higher butterfly densities. 
B) supported more frequent butterfly movements. 
C) had higher rates of plant pollination. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) both had higher butterfly densities and had higher rates of plant pollination.

Question 5

More isolated Finnish meadows support higher densities of Glanville fritillaries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Reduced regulation of water flow in the Kissimmee River has led to increases in populations of fish that require highly oxygenated water.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems,which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Studies by Hanski,Kuussaari,and Nieminen determined that ______ and _____ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly,Melitaea cinxia,populations.

Accepted Answer

A) area,shape 
B) perimeter length,area 
C) area,isolation 
D) elevation,shape 
E) isolation,shape 
A) area,shape 
B) perimeter length,area 
C) area,isolation 
D) elevation,shape 
E) isolation,shape

Question 9

Given the following data,calculate the Mann-Whitney statistic U for the stream draining the boreal forest.

Accepted Answer

A) 6 
B) 7 
C) 41 
D) 43 
E) None of the choices are correct. 
A) 6 
B) 7 
C) 41 
D) 43 
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Expansion of forest in Veluwe,Netherlands at the expense of heathland has occurred primarily as a result of

Accepted Answer

A) reduction of grazing pressure as native herbivore populations were decimated by hunting. 
B) changing climates due to the greenhouse effect. 
C) new legal restrictions on land use. 
D) reductions in sheep farming as Australian wool became less expensive. 
E) reductions in sheep farming as young people left family farms for other careers. 
A) reduction of grazing pressure as native herbivore populations were decimated by hunting. 
B) changing climates due to the greenhouse effect. 
C) new legal restrictions on land use. 
D) reductions in sheep farming as Australian wool became less expensive. 
E) reductions in sheep farming as young people left family farms for other careers.

Question 11

When measuring the coastline of Texas,which of these rulers would give you the shortest estimate of coastline length?

Accepted Answer

A) 1cm 
B) 10 cm 
C) 1 m 
D) 10 m 
E) 1 km 
A) 1cm 
B) 10 cm 
C) 1 m 
D) 10 m 
E) 1 km

Question 12

Groundwater inputs to lakes tend to

Accepted Answer

A) increase from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
B) decrease from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
C) remain roughly constant from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
D) be higher for lakes with less input from surface runoff. 
E) make up the great majority of water supply for all lakes. 
A) increase from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
B) decrease from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
C) remain roughly constant from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
D) be higher for lakes with less input from surface runoff. 
E) make up the great majority of water supply for all lakes.

Question 13

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows

Accepted Answer

A) is producing a novel landscape structure,because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. 
B) is producing a novel landscape structure,because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. 
C) is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. 
D) decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. 
E) increases nutrient levels in remaining forests,but not in beaver ponds. 
A) is producing a novel landscape structure,because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. 
B) is producing a novel landscape structure,because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. 
C) is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. 
D) decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. 
E) increases nutrient levels in remaining forests,but not in beaver ponds.

Question 14

There is experimental evidence to support the theory that the negative impact of fragmentation and isolation on populations can be reduced by connecting habitat fragments with corridors of similar habitat.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A major recent (last 50 years)change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Accepted Answer

A) fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B) increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C) decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D) increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E) decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams. 
A) fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B) increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C) decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D) increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E) decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams.

Question 16

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat...

Question 17

The element within the landscape that is most continuous is called the _______.

Accepted Answer

A) matrix 
B) mosaic 
C) patch 
D) medium 
E) substrate 
A) matrix 
B) mosaic 
C) patch 
D) medium 
E) substrate

Question 18

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

Accepted Answer

A) increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species,common buckeye and variegated fritillary,between patches. 
B) resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C) resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D) both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species,common buckeye and variegated fritillary,between patches,and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species,common buckeye and variegated fritillary,between patches. 
B) resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C) resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D) both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species,common buckeye and variegated fritillary,between patches,and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that,for small mammals,

Accepted Answer

A) moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. 
B) moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. 
C) more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. 
D) fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. 
E) fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement,but not movement distance. 
A) moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. 
B) moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. 
C) more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. 
D) fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. 
E) fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement,but not movement distance.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Accepted Answer

A) The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B) The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C) Less frequent,larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D) More frequent,smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E) Because of similarities in climate,vegetation,and fire history,there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California. 
A) The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B) The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C) Less frequent,larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D) More frequent,smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E) Because of similarities in climate,vegetation,and fire history,there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California.

Exam 21: Landscape Ecology

During droughts,water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

The recognition that the length of a coastline depends on the scale at which it is measured is a result of the branch of mathematics called ___________.

A "caliche layer" in soil is

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site,open patches connected to other open patches

More isolated Finnish meadows support higher densities of Glanville fritillaries.

Reduced regulation of water flow in the Kissimmee River has led to increases in populations of fish that require highly oxygenated water.

Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems,which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

Studies by Hanski,Kuussaari,and Nieminen determined that ______ and _____ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly,Melitaea cinxia,populations.

Given the following data,calculate the Mann-Whitney statistic U for the stream draining the boreal forest.

Expansion of forest in Veluwe,Netherlands at the expense of heathland has occurred primarily as a result of

When measuring the coastline of Texas,which of these rulers would give you the shortest estimate of coastline length?

Groundwater inputs to lakes tend to

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows

There is experimental evidence to support the theory that the negative impact of fragmentation and isolation on populations can be reduced by connecting habitat fragments with corridors of similar habitat.

A major recent (last 50 years)change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as ___________.

The element within the landscape that is most continuous is called the _______.

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that,for small mammals,

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Social Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions: Predation, herbivory, parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

Studies by Hanski,Kuussaari,and Nieminen determined that __ and _ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly,Melitaea cinxia,populations.