Question 1

Newborn infants have been shown to imitate simple behaviours.What is the earliest age at which this has been observed?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 week 
B)  2 months 
C)  6 months 
D)  12 months 
A)  1 week 
B)  2 months 
C)  6 months 
D)  12 months

Question 2

Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates?

Accepted Answer

A)  All neonates readily show classical conditioning of a broad range of responses. 
B)  Under ideal conditions neonates show classical conditioning of a small number of reflexive responses. 
C)  Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because they process information too slowly to make the CS-UCS association. 
D)  Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because of insufficient working memory capabilities. 
A)  All neonates readily show classical conditioning of a broad range of responses. 
B)  Under ideal conditions neonates show classical conditioning of a small number of reflexive responses. 
C)  Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because they process information too slowly to make the CS-UCS association. 
D)  Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because of insufficient working memory capabilities.

Question 3

Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development?

Accepted Answer

A)  no, it has no predictive value 
B)  yes, it is predictive of higher scores 
C)  yes, it is predictive of lower scores 
D)  no, it has no predictive value for intelligence, but it does indicate perceptual abnormalities 
A)  no, it has no predictive value 
B)  yes, it is predictive of higher scores 
C)  yes, it is predictive of lower scores 
D)  no, it has no predictive value for intelligence, but it does indicate perceptual abnormalities

Question 4

Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development.According to this perspective,which statement would Jai most likely support?

Accepted Answer

A)  Perception involves transforming a subjective reality into a personally relevant experience. 
B)  We need to use our available schemes to interpret reality. 
C)  The most important task of the young child is to learn to detect distinctive features. 
D)  Sensory stimulation is often fragmented or confusing and the purpose of perception is to organize this stimulation and create meaning. 
A)  Perception involves transforming a subjective reality into a personally relevant experience. 
B)  We need to use our available schemes to interpret reality. 
C)  The most important task of the young child is to learn to detect distinctive features. 
D)  Sensory stimulation is often fragmented or confusing and the purpose of perception is to organize this stimulation and create meaning.

Question 5

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills. 
B)  It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences. 
C)  It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system. 
D)  It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills. 
A)  It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills. 
B)  It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences. 
C)  It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system. 
D)  It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills.

Question 6

In comparison to an adult,how are the neonate's visual capabilities best described?

Accepted Answer

A)  as deficient but "working" 
B)  as well developed except for colour vision 
C)  as minimal 
D)  as well developed in all respects 
A)  as deficient but "working" 
B)  as well developed except for colour vision 
C)  as minimal 
D)  as well developed in all respects

Question 7

Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of a research study,he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left.How is Reginald likely to react to this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  He will fail to react negatively, because the various senses are not integrated yet. 
B)  He will fail to react negatively, because infants cannot detect the location of sounds at this age. 
C)  He will react negatively, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of enrichment theory. 
D)  He will react negatively in this situation, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of differentiation theory. 
A)  He will fail to react negatively, because the various senses are not integrated yet. 
B)  He will fail to react negatively, because infants cannot detect the location of sounds at this age. 
C)  He will react negatively, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of enrichment theory. 
D)  He will react negatively in this situation, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of differentiation theory.

Question 8

How is recall affected when an infant's memory is tested at a different place than where he or she learned the task?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is reduced, relative to recall at the original location. 
B)  It is enhanced, because of the novelty of the new location. 
C)  It is equivalent, but only if reinforcements are offered. 
D)  It is unaffected in any systematic way. 
A)  It is reduced, relative to recall at the original location. 
B)  It is enhanced, because of the novelty of the new location. 
C)  It is equivalent, but only if reinforcements are offered. 
D)  It is unaffected in any systematic way.

Question 9

When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are present at birth. 
B)  They do not begin to develop until near the end of the first year of life. 
C)  They develop completely in the first 6 months of life. 
D)  They develop at different periods during the first year of life 
A)  They are present at birth. 
B)  They do not begin to develop until near the end of the first year of life. 
C)  They develop completely in the first 6 months of life. 
D)  They develop at different periods during the first year of life

Question 10

Lawrence knows that a quarter is exactly the same size regardless of whether he looks at it from far away or from up close.In order to understand this concept,what aspect of visual perception has Lawrence acquired?

Accepted Answer

A)  looming 
B)  size constancy 
C)  interposition 
D)  optic flow 
A)  looming 
B)  size constancy 
C)  interposition 
D)  optic flow

Question 11

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks,his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

Accepted Answer

A)  He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day. 
B)  He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks. 
C)  He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age. 
D)  He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age. 
A)  He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day. 
B)  He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks. 
C)  He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age. 
D)  He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age.

Question 12

Robbie is 20 months old and for the first time he watched his father shave this morning.Two days later his mother claims that he climbed up to the sink and began imitating the father's shaving ritual with his toothbrush.In this case,is the mother's claim plausible?

Accepted Answer

A)  yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours during the second year 
B)  yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours at 6 months of age 
C)  no, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the concrete operational stage of cognitive development 
D)  no, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the preoperational stage of cognitive development 
A)  yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours during the second year 
B)  yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours at 6 months of age 
C)  no, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the concrete operational stage of cognitive development 
D)  no, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the preoperational stage of cognitive development

Question 13

Research indicates that very young infants (0-2 months)have a number of preferences with regard to characteristics of visual stimuli; list at least four such characteristics.

Accepted Answer

(a)High and sharp contrast,with regard t

Question 14

Suppose an infant has learned to wave his or her arm to activate a video display.A few weeks later the infant does not respond an arm wave when exposed to the display until the display is briefly illuminated.What would such an observation imply with respect to the infant's learning and memory processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  The infant had not really learned the arm-wave response earlier. 
B)  The infant had learned the arm-wave response, but no permanent memory of the association of the wave and the illumination of the display was stored at the time of learning. 
C)  The infant had learned the arm-wave response, had stored it in memory, but had difficulty retrieving it when required. 
D)  The infants must relearn operant responses such as the arm-wave response, each time they are exposed to a stimulus if the time since original learning is greater than three days. 
A)  The infant had not really learned the arm-wave response earlier. 
B)  The infant had learned the arm-wave response, but no permanent memory of the association of the wave and the illumination of the display was stored at the time of learning. 
C)  The infant had learned the arm-wave response, had stored it in memory, but had difficulty retrieving it when required. 
D)  The infants must relearn operant responses such as the arm-wave response, each time they are exposed to a stimulus if the time since original learning is greater than three days.

Question 15

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

A)  prenatally 
B)  at birth 
C)  at 2 months of age 
D)  at 4 months of age 
A)  prenatally 
B)  at birth 
C)  at 2 months of age 
D)  at 4 months of age

Question 16

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anaesthesia?

Accepted Answer

A)  They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward. 
B)  They show little response to the surgery as long as they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure. 
C)  They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward. 
D)  They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little measurable reaction. 
A)  They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward. 
B)  They show little response to the surgery as long as they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure. 
C)  They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward. 
D)  They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little measurable reaction.

Question 17

Some mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns. 
B)  Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice. 
C)  Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old. 
D)  Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices. 
A)  It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns. 
B)  Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice. 
C)  Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old. 
D)  Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices.

Question 18

Dr.Clifton believes that newborns cannot experience pain and,therefore,do not benefit from the use of an anaesthetic during minor surgery.What has research found about this belief?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is accurate because all newborn senses are poorly developed. 
B)  It cannot be evaluated because it is unethical to test newborns to determine if they can perceive pain. 
C)  It is accurate because, although some senses are well developed at birth, newborns cannot experience pain. 
D)  It is inaccurate because newborns have been shown to experience pain. 
A)  It is accurate because all newborn senses are poorly developed. 
B)  It cannot be evaluated because it is unethical to test newborns to determine if they can perceive pain. 
C)  It is accurate because, although some senses are well developed at birth, newborns cannot experience pain. 
D)  It is inaccurate because newborns have been shown to experience pain.

Question 19

Why does an infant's responsiveness to operant conditioning improve his or her social relations with others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bad habits are reduced via extinction. 
B)  Parent and infant reinforce each other's attention. 
C)  The parent occasionally administers negative punishment. 
D)  Infants enjoy the experience. 
A)  Bad habits are reduced via extinction. 
B)  Parent and infant reinforce each other's attention. 
C)  The parent occasionally administers negative punishment. 
D)  Infants enjoy the experience.

Question 20

Describe three characteristics of the visual stimuli that are preferred by young infants.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe three characteristics of the visual stimuli...

Newborn infants have been shown to imitate simple behaviours.What is the earliest age at which this has been observed?

Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates?

Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development?

Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development.According to this perspective,which statement would Jai most likely support?

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

In comparison to an adult,how are the neonate's visual capabilities best described?

Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of a research study,he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left.How is Reginald likely to react to this situation?

How is recall affected when an infant's memory is tested at a different place than where he or she learned the task?

When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur?

Lawrence knows that a quarter is exactly the same size regardless of whether he looks at it from far away or from up close.In order to understand this concept,what aspect of visual perception has Lawrence acquired?

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks,his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

Robbie is 20 months old and for the first time he watched his father shave this morning.Two days later his mother claims that he climbed up to the sink and began imitating the father's shaving ritual with his toothbrush.In this case,is the mother's claim plausible?

Research indicates that very young infants (0-2 months)have a number of preferences with regard to characteristics of visual stimuli; list at least four such characteristics.

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anaesthesia?

Some mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

Dr.Clifton believes that newborns cannot experience pain and,therefore,do not benefit from the use of an anaesthetic during minor surgery.What has research found about this belief?

Why does an infant's responsiveness to operant conditioning improve his or her social relations with others?

Describe three characteristics of the visual stimuli that are preferred by young infants.

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Theories of Human Development

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior

Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

The Family

Extrafamilial Influences

Filters

Exam 7: Early Cognitive Foundations

Newborn infants have been shown to imitate simple behaviours.What is the earliest age at which this has been observed?

Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates?

Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development?

Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development.According to this perspective,which statement would Jai most likely support?

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

In comparison to an adult,how are the neonate's visual capabilities best described?

Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of a research study,he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left.How is Reginald likely to react to this situation?

How is recall affected when an infant's memory is tested at a different place than where he or she learned the task?

When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur?

Lawrence knows that a quarter is exactly the same size regardless of whether he looks at it from far away or from up close.In order to understand this concept,what aspect of visual perception has Lawrence acquired?

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks,his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

Robbie is 20 months old and for the first time he watched his father shave this morning.Two days later his mother claims that he climbed up to the sink and began imitating the father's shaving ritual with his toothbrush.In this case,is the mother's claim plausible?

Research indicates that very young infants (0-2 months)have a number of preferences with regard to characteristics of visual stimuli; list at least four such characteristics.

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anaesthesia?

Some mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

Dr.Clifton believes that newborns cannot experience pain and,therefore,do not benefit from the use of an anaesthetic during minor surgery.What has research found about this belief?

Why does an infant's responsiveness to operant conditioning improve his or her social relations with others?

Describe three characteristics of the visual stimuli that are preferred by young infants.

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Theories of Human Development

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior

Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

The Family

Extrafamilial Influences

Filters