Exam 7: Early Cognitive Foundations

Differentiate between sensation and perception and provide a single example that illustrates this distinction.

Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Similar to the development of form perception,an infants' perception of depth,distance,and size constancy appears in response to specific stimuli.What is the common property of these stimuli?

Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself. The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power. At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down. After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound. Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning. -In this example,what is the whirring sound?

Which statement best characterizes the different emphases of the various models of perceptual development as presented in the textbook?

Bandura maintained that observational learning has two advantages over other forms of learning.One is that a new response may be added through imitation of a model.What is a second advantage?

Explain what is meant by deferred imitation and outline how this ability develops between 9 and 24 months of age.

Two-month-old infants show a decrease in heart rate when placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus,but no change in heart rate when placed on the shallow side.What does this difference in heart rate indicate about the infant's perception of depth?

Verbal rationales have been found to increase the effectiveness of punishment.What explanation has been offered for this effect?

Which statement best summarizes the results of Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research regarding infant memory?

Describe in detail two pieces of research evidence to support the conclusion that culture influences the ability to make perceptual discriminations.

Which statement best defines positive reinforcement?

Conrad and Chelsea are shopping for a mobile to hang above their newborn's crib.Their best choice would be a mobile that contains high contrasts of which colours?

Terri has been abused constantly by her stepsisters,and she runs away from home to escape the abuse.Terri's running away exemplifies which principle of operant conditioning?

Describe the development of face perception from birth to 1 year of age.

What is thought to account for the failure of neonates to perceive form?

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a checkerboard pattern.Then you present a checkerboard with a different number of squares and measure changes to his or her brain waves.What research method would you be using?

When Baby T rocks his head back and forth while lying on his back in the crib,he perceives that images of close objects show more motion than objects across the room.What is the term for this visual cue?

Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself. The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power. At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down. After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound. Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning. -In this example,what is your surprise at the automatic shutdown?

Marianne was 1 week old,and she had been fussy all morning.Uncle George was holding her and trying to soothe her while Allison,her mother,warmed a bottle of milk in the kitchen.But Marianne was not to be soothed,and her cries and squirminess grew more intense by the moment.At Uncle George's request,Allison returned from the kitchen to help,and when Allison came close to Marianne and spoke softly to her,Marianne stopped protesting and gazed grumpily in the general direction of her mother. (a)What did Allison do that might have had the effect of temporarily halting Marianne's protests? (b)Did Marianne deliberately turn her head to look at her mother? Why or why not? (c)Did Marianne recognize her mother? If so,how might she have recognized her?