Exam 7: Early Cognitive Foundations

When can infants group colours into similar shades (e.g.,reds,greens,blues)as well as adults do?

Explain what is meant by intermodal perception,and give an example that illustrates your explanation.

A proud grandmother announces to her friends: "Yesterday my 7-month-old granddaughter clearly remembered a toy that she played with when she visited me three weeks ago." Based on the results of research on infant habituation and memory,is the grandmother's claim possible?

Suppose that a child is frightened of dogs because of an experience with a dog that barked loudly and jumped on the child.Which of the following techniques involves replacing the negative association with a pleasant one?

Jana tells you that her 2-day-old daughter is able to visually track an object moving above her crib.Is this ability to track movement typical of all infants?

Despite the fact that John dislikes algebra,he studies very hard and usually does well on exams.Unfortunately,when he is asked how to do one of the problems that he had answered correctly only one week earlier,he is unable to generate the correct answer.According to Domjan's definitions of learning,what accounts for John's failure?

Parents are often puzzled when a child fails to show appropriate behaviours despite scoldings and punishments for inappropriate behaviours.Why are operant conditioning experts not surprised?

In Fantz's looking-chamber experiment,which stimulus did babies prefer to gaze at?

Which statement best describes current research findings regarding the auditory capacity of the neonate?

What does the process of sensation refer to?

Four basic methods of studying infant perception are the preference method,the habituation method,the method of evoked potentials,and the high-amplitude sucking method.Give the procedures for each.

Nathaniel is an infant who has been exclusively breast-fed from birth.At what age would you expect that Nathaniel will first show a preference for the scent of a T-shirt or a brassiere worn by his mother?

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-coloured card repeatedly.If the colour of the card is now changed to green,and the infant displays increased interest,what can researchers infer?

Describe the auditory capabilities of the full-term newborn infant.

Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself. The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power. At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down. After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound. Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning. -In this example,what is automatically reaching for the power adapter?

Describe Gibson and Walk's visual cliff apparatus.Describe the development of depth perception in infants,citing the key research findings from studies that have used this apparatus.

If you were to compare the number of presentations of a stimulus before habituation occurred for a 1-month-old and a 12-month-old,what would you expect to find?

Becca,a 3-month-old,is placed in a chamber and shown two different pictures at the same time.The researcher carefully records how long Becca looks at each picture.In this example,which method is the researcher using?

Meagan thinks that using punishment with children is wrong,so she asks you how she can use negative reinforcement to reduce the amount of time that her son spends talking on the telephone.What should you advise Meagan regarding the use of negative reinforcement as a disciplinary technique?

Describe four techniques that can be used to assess sensory and perceptual capabilities in infants.