Question 1

The function of RNA polymerase is to

Accepted Answer

A)  catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribonucleotids. 
B)  catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides. 
C)  cleave mRNA to remove introns. 
D)  activate tRNAs. 
A)  catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribonucleotids. 
B)  catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides. 
C)  cleave mRNA to remove introns. 
D)  activate tRNAs.

Question 2

The functional unit of genetic information is the

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleotide. 
B)  gene. 
C)  chromosome. 
D)  protein. 
A)  nucleotide. 
B)  gene. 
C)  chromosome. 
D)  protein.

Question 3

Explain the function of the helicases and why they are necessary.

Accepted Answer

Helicase enzymes require energy from ATP

Question 4

Explain the difference between an intrinsic terminator and a Rho-dependent termination site.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic terminators occur at the nucle

Question 5

In all cells, genes are composed of

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleic acids. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  chaperones. 
A)  nucleic acids. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  chaperones.

Question 6

Most prokaryotic genomes are double-stranded circular DNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of one codon?

Accepted Answer

A)  CATT 
B)  GCCATT 
C)  CAG 
D)  CCGUAA 
A)  CATT 
B)  GCCATT 
C)  CAG 
D)  CCGUAA

Question 8

Some essential genes and DNA sequences in cells do NOT encode for proteins but are still essential for cellular growth and replication. Give two examples of a gene or sequence of which this is TRUE and explain why it is essential for growth or replication.

Accepted Answer

Answers to this question could use many

Question 9

Transcription in eukaryotes occurs in the

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase. 
B)  endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  cytoplasm. 
D)  nucleus. 
A)  RNA polymerase. 
B)  endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  cytoplasm. 
D)  nucleus.

Question 10

In the process of transcription, promoters are specific sequences of ________ that are recognized by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA / DNA polymerase 
B)  RNA / DNA polymerase 
C)  DNA / sigma factors 
D)  RNA / ribosomes 
A)  DNA / DNA polymerase 
B)  RNA / DNA polymerase 
C)  DNA / sigma factors 
D)  RNA / ribosomes

Question 11

Explain the process of RNA transcription using the terms upstream, Pribnow box, and consensus sequence.

Accepted Answer

The RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates

Question 12

The following is the sequence of bases in the sense strand of a DNA segment and contains the beginning of a gene.
DNA 3ʹ A T A T T A C C A G G C A T G G A C C C C C G G G 5ʹ
Based on this sequence, write the sequence of the anti-sense DNA strand and the mRNA. Label the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends in your predicted sequences. The start codon in this organism is AUG. Indicate where the start codon is in your sequence. Why is the start codon important? Why does there have to be a specific start codon?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Sense: 5ʹ T A T T T A G G T C C G T

Question 13

You are studying a protein in Salmonella typhimurium that you believe is a toxin. Whenever you attempt to purify the protein from lysed cell cultures, you get two forms of the protein. One form is smaller than the other and is missing 15 amino acids from the N-terminus compared to the larger form. This leads you to hypothesize that

Accepted Answer

A)  there are two termination sites in the mRNA. 
B)  the protein requires chaperonins to fold properly. 
C)  the protein is secreted and folds outside of the cell. 
D)  you need to re-do the experiment because there should only be one form. 
A)  there are two termination sites in the mRNA. 
B)  the protein requires chaperonins to fold properly. 
C)  the protein is secreted and folds outside of the cell. 
D)  you need to re-do the experiment because there should only be one form.

Question 14

In nature, the predominant form of DNA is supercoiled in a negative direction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Polycistronic transcription units are common in

Accepted Answer

A)  Archaea. 
B)  Bacteria. 
C)  Eukarya. 
D)  both Archaea and Bacteria. 
A)  Archaea. 
B)  Bacteria. 
C)  Eukarya. 
D)  both Archaea and Bacteria.

Question 16

DNA replication is bidirectional in prokaryotes with circular chromosomes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Stop codons are also called ________ codons.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonsense 
B)  release factor 
C)  degeneracy 
D)  conversion 
A)  nonsense 
B)  release factor 
C)  degeneracy 
D)  conversion

Question 18

During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are linked together by ________, an enzyme that creates phosphodiester bonds between nicked fragments of DNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  exopolymerase 
B)  DNA gyrase 
C)  topoisomerase 
D)  DNA ligase 
A)  exopolymerase 
B)  DNA gyrase 
C)  topoisomerase 
D)  DNA ligase

Question 19

What is the basic flow of genetic information in all cellular life? Include in your answer a diagram that illustrates the relationships between the basic components and steps in the flow of genetic information.

Accepted Answer

Answers and diagrams should demonstrate

Question 20

Inverted repeats are common features of transcription termination sequences in all three domains of life.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 4: Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

The function of RNA polymerase is to

The functional unit of genetic information is the

Explain the function of the helicases and why they are necessary.

Explain the difference between an intrinsic terminator and a Rho-dependent termination site.

In all cells, genes are composed of

Most prokaryotic genomes are double-stranded circular DNA.

Which of the following is an example of one codon?

Some essential genes and DNA sequences in cells do NOT encode for proteins but are still essential for cellular growth and replication. Give two examples of a gene or sequence of which this is TRUE and explain why it is essential for growth or replication.

Transcription in eukaryotes occurs in the

In the process of transcription, promoters are specific sequences of ________ that are recognized by ________.

Explain the process of RNA transcription using the terms upstream, Pribnow box, and consensus sequence.

In nature, the predominant form of DNA is supercoiled in a negative direction.

Polycistronic transcription units are common in

DNA replication is bidirectional in prokaryotes with circular chromosomes.

Stop codons are also called ________ codons.

During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are linked together by ________, an enzyme that creates phosphodiester bonds between nicked fragments of DNA.

What is the basic flow of genetic information in all cellular life? Include in your answer a diagram that illustrates the relationships between the basic components and steps in the flow of genetic information.

Inverted repeats are common features of transcription termination sequences in all three domains of life.

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

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In the process of transcription, promoters are specific sequences of that are recognized by .