Question 1

The gut microbiota is relatively stable over long time periods in healthy adults, suggesting its highly evolved role in the human body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Explain how prebiotics and probiotics may be useful in preventing acne.

Accepted Answer

By using prebiotics, it is possible to a

Question 3

Goblet cells in the intestine produce antimicrobial peptides.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The damaged areas of teeth caused by organic acids produced by dental plaque are called

Accepted Answer

A)  degenerative plaque. 
B)  calcified plaque. 
C)  periodontal disease. 
D)  dental caries. 
A)  degenerative plaque. 
B)  calcified plaque. 
C)  periodontal disease. 
D)  dental caries.

Question 5

Which of these microorganisms is most likely to be found in the human stomach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Helicobacter pylori 
B)  Streptococcus sobrinus 
C)  Streptococcus mutans 
D)  Roseobacter denitrificans 
A)  Helicobacter pylori 
B)  Streptococcus sobrinus 
C)  Streptococcus mutans 
D)  Roseobacter denitrificans

Question 6

Probiotics do not contain living microbes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Explain how the composition of breast milk compared with formula affects the microbiota of infants.

Accepted Answer

Breast milk contains oligosaccharides th

Question 8

Which study set out to generate genomic sequences from 200 strains of bacteria isolated from the human body?

Accepted Answer

A)  the Human Microbiome Project 
B)  NIH JumpStart Program 
C)  MetaGenoPolis 
D)  the Integrative Human Microbiome Project 
A)  the Human Microbiome Project 
B)  NIH JumpStart Program 
C)  MetaGenoPolis 
D)  the Integrative Human Microbiome Project

Question 9

Volatile fatty acids include acetate, proprionate, and butyrate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

What is the similarity between the microbiota found in a female at the menopause stage and a female at the pre-puberty stage? How different is it from a female between the stages of puberty and menopause?

Accepted Answer

The microbiota in both cases lack Lactob

Question 11

________ dominate the infant gut microbiota.

Accepted Answer

A)  Candida 
B)  Actinobacteria 
C)  Firmicutes 
D)  Corynebacteria 
A)  Candida 
B)  Actinobacteria 
C)  Firmicutes 
D)  Corynebacteria

Question 12

Individuals who have chronic periodontitis tend to have

Accepted Answer

A)  lower microbial diversity than those without. 
B)  significantly greater microbial diversity than those without. 
C)  slightly greater microbial diversity than those without. 
D)  unpredictable levels of microbial diversity in comparison to those without chronic periodontitis. 
A)  lower microbial diversity than those without. 
B)  significantly greater microbial diversity than those without. 
C)  slightly greater microbial diversity than those without. 
D)  unpredictable levels of microbial diversity in comparison to those without chronic periodontitis.

Question 13

Clostridium difficile infections most often occur

Accepted Answer

A)  following antibiotic treatment. 
B)  following a fecal transplant. 
C)  following a dietary change. 
D)  following the use of a new probiotic. 
A)  following antibiotic treatment. 
B)  following a fecal transplant. 
C)  following a dietary change. 
D)  following the use of a new probiotic.

Question 14

The following compounds are all produced by intestinal microbiota EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  thymine. 
B)  vitamin C. 
C)  vitamin B₁₂. 
D)  vitamin K. 
A)  thymine. 
B)  vitamin C. 
C)  vitamin B₁₂. 
D)  vitamin K.

Question 15

What happens when mice grown in the absence of microbes are inoculated with healthy cecal material from other mice?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genes associated with glucose uptake, lipid absorption, and lipid transport are activated and the mice gain body fat without increasing energy intake. 
B)  Genes associated with glucose uptake, lipid absorption, and lipid transport are activated and the mice gain body fat as a result of taking in more food. 
C)  Genes associated with protein uptake, lipid break down, and lipid transport are activated and the mice lose body fat without changing their food intake. 
D)  Genes associated with protein uptake, lipid break down, and lipid transport are deactivated and the mice lose body fat as a result of taking in less food. 
A)  Genes associated with glucose uptake, lipid absorption, and lipid transport are activated and the mice gain body fat without increasing energy intake. 
B)  Genes associated with glucose uptake, lipid absorption, and lipid transport are activated and the mice gain body fat as a result of taking in more food. 
C)  Genes associated with protein uptake, lipid break down, and lipid transport are activated and the mice lose body fat without changing their food intake. 
D)  Genes associated with protein uptake, lipid break down, and lipid transport are deactivated and the mice lose body fat as a result of taking in less food.

Question 16

The male reproductive tract is generally sterile except for the distal portion of the urethra.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Some yogurts contain probiotics and prebiotics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE of vaginal bacterial communities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Those dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus are more resilient than those dominated by Lactobacillus iners. 
B)  Those dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus are less resilient than those dominated by Lactobacillus iners. 
C)  Lactobacillus iners is always associated with vaginosis, but Lactobacillus crispatus is not. 
D)  Lactobacillus crispatus is always associated with vaginosis, but Lactobacillus iners is not. 
A)  Those dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus are more resilient than those dominated by Lactobacillus iners. 
B)  Those dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus are less resilient than those dominated by Lactobacillus iners. 
C)  Lactobacillus iners is always associated with vaginosis, but Lactobacillus crispatus is not. 
D)  Lactobacillus crispatus is always associated with vaginosis, but Lactobacillus iners is not.

Question 19

Volatile fatty acids are produced primarily from the breakdown of proteins.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The most heavily colonized human organ by bacteria is the ________, containing 10¹¹‐10¹² bacterial cells per gram.

Accepted Answer

A)  mouth 
B)  small intestine 
C)  large intestine 
D)  skin 
A)  mouth 
B)  small intestine 
C)  large intestine 
D)  skin

Exam 24: Microbial Symbioses with Humans

The gut microbiota is relatively stable over long time periods in healthy adults, suggesting its highly evolved role in the human body.

Explain how prebiotics and probiotics may be useful in preventing acne.

Goblet cells in the intestine produce antimicrobial peptides.

The damaged areas of teeth caused by organic acids produced by dental plaque are called

Which of these microorganisms is most likely to be found in the human stomach?

Probiotics do not contain living microbes.

Explain how the composition of breast milk compared with formula affects the microbiota of infants.

Which study set out to generate genomic sequences from 200 strains of bacteria isolated from the human body?

Volatile fatty acids include acetate, proprionate, and butyrate.

What is the similarity between the microbiota found in a female at the menopause stage and a female at the pre-puberty stage? How different is it from a female between the stages of puberty and menopause?

________ dominate the infant gut microbiota.

Individuals who have chronic periodontitis tend to have

Clostridium difficile infections most often occur

The following compounds are all produced by intestinal microbiota EXCEPT

What happens when mice grown in the absence of microbes are inoculated with healthy cecal material from other mice?

The male reproductive tract is generally sterile except for the distal portion of the urethra.

Some yogurts contain probiotics and prebiotics.

Which of the following is TRUE of vaginal bacterial communities?

Volatile fatty acids are produced primarily from the breakdown of proteins.

The most heavily colonized human organ by bacteria is the ________, containing 10¹¹‐10¹² bacterial cells per gram.

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

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