Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

A student is raised by caring parents who go out of their way to help needy people. They volunteer their time regularly toward good causes. MOST likely, The student will grow up to be _____________.

Edward Tolman's research on latent learning and Albert Bandura's work on modelling both demonstrate that

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash. One day, Irinia is cleaning out her garage and pulls some old bungee cords out of a box. Her dog begins to jump around and wag his tail the same way he does when he thinks they are going for a walk. The dog has ___________________ the stimulus of the leash to the bungee cords.

When people experience a traumatic event, they can sometimes develop classically conditioned associations with otherwise unrelated stimuli that were present in the environment at the time of the trauma. Imagine this happens to Fredrick with a song playing on the radio during a car accident. If Fredrick wanted to try to 'undo' this learned association, what kind of treatment could help with that goal?

Biological factors can influence learning as evidenced in the concepts of ________________.

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an already established CS.

Tracy suffered from nausea for the first three months of her pregnancy. Because it was easy, her husband ordered Chinese take-out food three or four evenings each week. In spite of her nausea, Tracy forced herself to eat the take-out food. A year later, she and a friend walk past a Chinese restaurant and the smell of the food makes her nauseated. Which of the following explains why Tracy felt nauseated?

Discuss the method and findings of Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiment. What important distinction did this experiment demonstrate?

In explaining the effects of operant conditioning, which of the following is most likely to be emphasized by a cognitive psychologist?

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one, ___________ has occurred.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) conducted experiments with an 11-month-old baby named Albert. Knowing that Albert would be afraid of loud noises, they conditioned him to fear a white rat by pairing the presentation of the rat with a loud noise. Although he was initially unafraid of the rat, after several trials, he would cry and become fearful when shown the rat. In this instance, the rat represented the _____________.

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus (CS) without the _____________, so that the process of ___________ can occur.

The term "personal adaptation" is concerned with how

The Canada Council on Animal Care requires that rats be provided with tubes in their cages for them to run through and play with. Researchers call this

Under which of the following conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing conditions does learning usually occur most quickly?

Which of the following provides the best definition of habituation?

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, so that the process of ___________ can occur.

When an organism learns to prevent exposure to an aversive stimulus altogether, _________________ conditioning is said to occur.

When you tell your dog, "Sit," and she does, you almost always give her a small treat. In this example, which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus? The _____________.

When Pavlov was conditioning his dog to salivate in response to a tone, he first paired the tone with the presentation of food until the tone alone could induce salivation. In his experiments, which of the following was considered to be the unconditioned stimulus?