Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

A key principle in many therapies that treat phobias and fears is that the phobia or fear is learned and can therefore be

A teenager refrains from using profanity when she is around her parents, who ground her when she swears, but when her parents aren't around, she often uses "bad language." This example demonstrates a limitation of ___________ because the suppression of the undesired behaviour ____________ to other relevant situations.

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are maintained through

A patient starts chemotherapy and becomes ill each time after he receives it. After a few weeks of treatment, he develops anticipatory nausea at the mere sight of the waiting room at the hospital. In this instance, the unconditioned response would be considered the ________________.

Children in a gymnastics class do many exercises, including some exercises that are done on individual mats. When the instructor blows a whistle twice, the children bring their mats and spread them in neat rows on the floor. The instructor's blowing the whistle twice is _____________.

Probably the most important contribution of Ivan Pavlov's work with dogs was that it _____________.

The organism learns to associate two stimuli such that a previously neutral stimulus comes to produce a reflexive response that was previously produced by a different stimulus, in _______________________.

Shelley has noticed that if her dad is in good mood, he will usually praise her for working on her homework in the evening. If he isn't in a good mood, he doesn't do this. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, the mood of Shelley's dad signals when he will praise her for her homework and this is considered to be a(n) ______.

In a fourth-grade classroom, a teacher rewards his students for keeping their desks clean by awarding them stars for every day they do this. At the end of the school year, the stars can be redeemed for prizes such as colouring books or pencil sets. This teacher is using what is called a token economy.

A man becomes moderately aroused whenever his wife wears a particular red outfit. In terms of classical conditioning principles, the red outfit represents a(n) ___________ that has become a(n) _______.

Random drug tests and roadside speed traps would both be considered examples of the _____________.

A child probably only needs to burn her hand on a hot stove once to learn to avoid doing this in the future. Psychologists have found that when the ______________ is particularly aversive, only one pairing is needed.

Researchers in the field of operant conditioning have learned that partial reinforcement schedules are more resistant to extinction than ___________ reinforcement schedules.

According to Bandura's Social-Cognitive theory, all of the following are necessary for modelling to work EXCEPT

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So, every time the dog rolls over, he gives him a doggie treat. Jayden is using

If you were training an animal and wanted to generate the highest rate of responding you would use

One of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning behaviour is triggered involuntarily like a reflex, while in operant conditioning behaviour is ________.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) conducted experiments with an 11-month-old baby named Albert to demonstrate how

Shannon is used to eating dinner every night about 7:00 pm, but now that she is away at college she eats earlier because the dining hall is open from 4-6pm every night for dinner. Shannon eats dinner without feeling hungry for several weeks. Then one day while walking to the dining hall, Shannon starts feeling very hungry. Those first several weeks of eating early are considered the _________________ phase of her conditioned response.