Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In classical conditioning experiments, learning is typically fastest when the UCS is _________ and the time interval between the CS and the UCS is _________.

The Joyce Sprafkin research demonstrating that children who watched a prosocial Lassie TV program were more likely to engage in helpful behaviour was presented to illustrate which of the following?

One similarity between punishment and operant extinction is that both ____________.

On a rainy day Sally wears rubber boots to prevent her feet from getting wet. Preventing her feet from getting wet is a _____________.

Operant conditioning is concerned with ____________, whereas classical conditioning focuses on ____________.

Habituation has __________________ because it allows organisms to learn NOT to respond to _____________ stimuli.

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her only canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually the cat stops showing up. Once in a while, though, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, as if food is forthcoming. This reappearance of Minnie's old behaviour is called

Tran volunteered to help her grandmother clean her house and do some yard work. Because of her assistance, Tran was given $20. She then volunteered to come again the following week. This is an example of _____________.

If placed on a continuous reinforcement schedule, an animal will be reinforced after _____________.

Conditioned taste aversions were discussed to demonstrate the concept of higher-order conditioning.

Negative and positive reinforcement are different in that while positive reinforcement strengthens a response, negative reinforcement weakens a response.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) conditioned an 11-month-old baby named Albert to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise. Albert already feared the loud noise. After the conditioning had taken place, the researchers also found that Albert was afraid of furry white and grey objects, such as a rabbit and a Santa Claus mask. The fact that Albert was afraid of these additional items demonstrated that

A decreasing response to a repeated stimulus is called ____________.

In classical conditioning, an organism learns an association between two stimuli whereas the type of learning in which an association between a behaviour and its consequence is learned is called

When the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will gradually weaken in a process called

Veronica suffers from very painful headaches so she takes her headache medication regularly, regardless of whether she has a headache or not. As a function of taking her medication, she has no headaches. In operant conditioning terms, Veronica is using _______________.

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?

In negative reinforcement, when an aversive stimulus is ___________, it makes the behaviour that it follows ________ likely to occur.

It is challenging for a traditional behaviourist to explain this aspect of Tolman's latent learning research with rats

Tommy is stealing money from his mother's purse. Tommy now has money for candy and his mother doesn't seem to notice the missing money. His behaviour is influenced by the consequences of his actions. This is an example of