Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition

What do many developmentalists, such as Meltzoff, believe about the sense of self at birth?

Suppose you observe a young infant jerking her arm to cause a string to move a mobile over the crib.Based on current research, this behaviour indicates the development of which feature of the self?

Briefly describe the origins and development of self-esteem.

Describe four different types of achievement attributions that might be made for success or failure.In addition, indicate whether each involves a stable or unstable factor, and an internal or external cause for the attribution.

Which type of mastery motivation are children demonstrating when they first seek recognition after mastering a challenging task?

Suppose you want to teach a child with a "helpless" orientation to respond more constructively to his or her failures.If you base your technique on the findings of Dweck's research, which of the following should you employ?

Discuss Dweck's theory of learned helplessness with regard to achievement motivation, noting (a) the kinds of causal attributions involved and (b) school experiences that might lead to an attitude of learned helplessness.What kind of experience has been found to be effective in countering learned helplessness?

According to Harter, how do children evaluate themselves?

Which of the following adult comments would most likely result in children persisting at a task even though they are making errors?

Vladimir understands that even when he and his friend have the same information, they may have different points of view; however, Vladimir is not able to simultaneously consider his own and his friend's perspective.Based on Selman's stages, how old is Vladimir?

According to cross-cultural research, how do the achievement attitudes of Chinese children differ from those of children raised in North America?

Artem has always enjoyed playing with Lego blocks.Recently he has begun to compare his projects with the elaborate models pictured in his Lego handbooks.Based upon this example, how would you categorize Artem's phase of mastery motivation?

Suppose you overheard the following piece of gossip: "Jude never gets a second date with anyone because he is totally clueless about others' thoughts, needs, or wants." Based on this description, what do others see Jude as being deficient in?

Although Suman recognizes that he is almost the smartest boy in the class and has lots of friends, he admits that he does not really like school.He mentions his older brother who is a good baseball player.Based on this information, how old is Suman?

In contrast to children who are raised in individualistic North American societies, how do children raised in Chinese collectivist societies behave?

Which of the following statements best characterizes a child with an intrinsic orientation to achievement?

Based on Stipek's findings, what is the earliest year of age you would expect to see a child display shame, rather than mere disappointment, following a failure?

Felix received a D on his most recent term paper, and he doesn't think his grade is fair.Although his paper was not as good as most of the other students' papers in the class, he feels he deserves a better grade because he worked hard.Based on this description, Felix's emphasis on his perceived effort reflects which view of ability?

Naadir feels proud that he can help to fix things around the house and tutor his brother in math.What is Naadir's pride in his skills called?

Discuss how peer influences may enhance or undermine parental efforts to encourage academic achievement in their children.What cross-cultural differences have been found in peer influences on self-esteem?