Question 1

In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is _______ to the fluid in the collecting duct.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  isosmotic 
C)  hyposmotic 
D)  isoionic and hyposmotic 
A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  isosmotic 
C)  hyposmotic 
D)  isoionic and hyposmotic

Question 2

If the filtration pressure is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is -3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  3 
C)  8 
D)  12 
A)  2 
B)  3 
C)  8 
D)  12

Question 3

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +5 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is -2.5 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.5 
B)  4.5 
C)  5.0 
D)  5.5 
A)  0.5 
B)  4.5 
C)  5.0 
D)  5.5

Question 4

What creates a countercurrent multiplier rather than just a countercurrent exchanger?

Accepted Answer

A)  Movement of fluids in close association in opposite directions. 
B)  Passive exchange of solutes across two tubes in close approximation. 
C)  Osmotic pressure differences in two tubes close together. 
D)  Active transport of solute out of one of the tubes. 
A)  Movement of fluids in close association in opposite directions. 
B)  Passive exchange of solutes across two tubes in close approximation. 
C)  Osmotic pressure differences in two tubes close together. 
D)  Active transport of solute out of one of the tubes.

Question 5

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  stays the same. 
D)  decreases at first and then increases. 
A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  stays the same. 
D)  decreases at first and then increases.

Question 6

If you inject a known diuretic into a frog, the volume of its

Accepted Answer

A)  urine will increase. 
B)  urine will decrease. 
C)  plasma will increase. 
D)  plasma will remain the same. 
A)  urine will increase. 
B)  urine will decrease. 
C)  plasma will increase. 
D)  plasma will remain the same.

Question 7

Glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of _______ of an animal's kidney tubules.

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary urine formation by all 
B)  secondary urine formation by one 
C)  primary urine formation by all 
D)  primary urine formation by one 
A)  secondary urine formation by all 
B)  secondary urine formation by one 
C)  primary urine formation by all 
D)  primary urine formation by one

Question 8

Which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium originated from plasma 
B)  Sodium generated from extracellular fluid 
C)  Urea generated from protein metabolism 
D)  Phosphate generated from energy production 
A)  Sodium originated from plasma 
B)  Sodium generated from extracellular fluid 
C)  Urea generated from protein metabolism 
D)  Phosphate generated from energy production

Question 9

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +10 kPa, the filtration pressure is +6 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the colloid osmotic pressure is _______ kPa.

Accepted Answer

A)  -2 
B)  -4 
C)  2 
D)  4 
A)  -2 
B)  -4 
C)  2 
D)  4

Question 10

Podocytes are found in the

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerulus. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  renal corpuscle. 
D)  glomerulus and the renal corpuscle. 
A)  glomerulus. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  renal corpuscle. 
D)  glomerulus and the renal corpuscle.

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
  What portion of the kidney tubule does the diagram represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Descending loop of Henle 
C)  Ascending loop of Henle 
D)  Collecting duct 
A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Descending loop of Henle 
C)  Ascending loop of Henle 
D)  Collecting duct

Question 12

In the octopus, the primary urine is formed from

Accepted Answer

A)  blood. 
B)  pericardial fluid. 
C)  intestinal fluid. 
D)  interstitial fluid. 
A)  blood. 
B)  pericardial fluid. 
C)  intestinal fluid. 
D)  interstitial fluid.

Question 13

If a drug that blocks Na-K-2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will _______ and plasma sodium concentration will _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; increase 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  increase; decrease 
A)  increase; increase 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  increase; decrease

Question 14

Administering a substance that enhances the release of ADH to a frog will cause the distal convoluted tubule to

Accepted Answer

A)  reabsorb more water than normal. 
B)  reabsorb less water than normal. 
C)  secrete less water than normal. 
D)  secrete more sodium than normal. 
A)  reabsorb more water than normal. 
B)  reabsorb less water than normal. 
C)  secrete less water than normal. 
D)  secrete more sodium than normal.

Question 15

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the lumen

Accepted Answer

A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  stays the same. 
D)  decreases at first and then increases. 
A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  stays the same. 
D)  decreases at first and then increases.

Question 16

In amphibians, ADH acts on which segment of the nephron to increase reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Distal convoluted tubule 
C)  Ascending loop of Henle 
D)  Descending loop of Henle 
A)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  Distal convoluted tubule 
C)  Ascending loop of Henle 
D)  Descending loop of Henle

Question 17

Water moves from the rectum into the intracellular spaces of the rectal papilla

Accepted Answer

A)  by active transport. 
B)  by hydrostatic pressure. 
C)  by osmosis. 
D)  passively along with KCl. 
A)  by active transport. 
B)  by hydrostatic pressure. 
C)  by osmosis. 
D)  passively along with KCl.

Question 18

A molecule greater than _______ kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons.

Accepted Answer

A)  6.5 
B)  9 
C)  9.5 
D)  12.5 
A)  6.5 
B)  9 
C)  9.5 
D)  12.5

Question 19

Which values reflect the expected albumen concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

A)  0; 0; 0; 0; 0 
B)  0; 1; 2; 4; 2 
C)  1; 1; 0; 0; 0 
D)  2; 2; 1; 0; 0 
A)  0; 0; 0; 0; 0 
B)  0; 1; 2; 4; 2 
C)  1; 1; 0; 0; 0 
D)  2; 2; 1; 0; 0

Question 20

Humans produce which nitrogenous waste product(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uric acid 
B)  Urea 
C)  Ammonia 
D)  Urea and uric acid 
A)  Uric acid 
B)  Urea 
C)  Ammonia 
D)  Urea and uric acid

Exam 29: Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is _______ to the fluid in the collecting duct.

If the filtration pressure is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is -3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa.

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +5 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is -2.5 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa.

What creates a countercurrent multiplier rather than just a countercurrent exchanger?

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid

If you inject a known diuretic into a frog, the volume of its

Glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of _______ of an animal's kidney tubules.

Which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +10 kPa, the filtration pressure is +6 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the colloid osmotic pressure is _______ kPa.

Podocytes are found in the

Refer to the figure shown. What portion of the kidney tubule does the diagram represent?

In the octopus, the primary urine is formed from

If a drug that blocks Na-K-2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will _______ and plasma sodium concentration will _______.

Administering a substance that enhances the release of ADH to a frog will cause the distal convoluted tubule to

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the lumen

In amphibians, ADH acts on which segment of the nephron to increase reabsorption?

Water moves from the rectum into the intracellular spaces of the rectal papilla

A molecule greater than _______ kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons.

Which values reflect the expected albumen concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

Humans produce which nitrogenous waste product(s)?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Filters

If a drug that blocks Na-K-2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will _ and plasma sodium concentration will _.