Question 1

How many genes code for the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  4 
D)  8 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  4 
D)  8

Question 2

After the genome of a species has been sequenced,

Accepted Answer

A)  it is said to enter the postgenomic era. 
B)  bioinformatics takes over. 
C)  annotation is all that can take place. 
D)  functional genomics is all that is left for that species. 
A)  it is said to enter the postgenomic era. 
B)  bioinformatics takes over. 
C)  annotation is all that can take place. 
D)  functional genomics is all that is left for that species.

Question 3

When predictions are made from the genome of a species alone, they may prove to be wrong for several reasons. What is one of those reasons?

Accepted Answer

A)  The function predicted by extrapolation from already known genes always matches the current function. 
B)  Even if the function is known, the expression pattern may differ. 
C)  The function predicted by extrapolation may vary extensively within individuals of the species. 
D)  Often, the introns within species vary too much between individuals. 
A)  The function predicted by extrapolation from already known genes always matches the current function. 
B)  Even if the function is known, the expression pattern may differ. 
C)  The function predicted by extrapolation may vary extensively within individuals of the species. 
D)  Often, the introns within species vary too much between individuals.

Question 4

The coldest water that icefish typically inhabit is

Accepted Answer

A)  1.9°C. 
B)  0°C. 
C)  -1.9°C. 
D)  -4.9°C. 
A)  1.9°C. 
B)  0°C. 
C)  -1.9°C. 
D)  -4.9°C.

Question 5

Refer to the figure shown.
  The circles in the figure represent

Accepted Answer

A)  genes. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  DNA. 
D)  proteins. 
A)  genes. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  DNA. 
D)  proteins.

Question 6

Why are screening studies at odds with a priori hypotheses?

Accepted Answer

Screening studies are at odds with a pri

Question 7

Which statement regarding myoglobin in Antarctic fish is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  All icefish have nonfunctional myoglobin. 
B)  Mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred independently in four lines of icefish. 
C)  Mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred once in early icefish evolution and have affected six species in different lineages. 
D)  Identical mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred in four separate lineages of icefish. 
A)  All icefish have nonfunctional myoglobin. 
B)  Mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred independently in four lines of icefish. 
C)  Mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred once in early icefish evolution and have affected six species in different lineages. 
D)  Identical mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred in four separate lineages of icefish.

Question 8

Refer to the figure shown.
  What is the strongest evidence supporting the four independent events occurring in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sequence changes occurring at the four independent points are very different from one another. 
B)  The sequence changes occurring at the four independent points are exactly the same. 
C)  The loss of function resulting from the sequence changes is exactly the same. 
D)  The morphology of the species at the four independent points is exactly the same. 
A)  The sequence changes occurring at the four independent points are very different from one another. 
B)  The sequence changes occurring at the four independent points are exactly the same. 
C)  The loss of function resulting from the sequence changes is exactly the same. 
D)  The morphology of the species at the four independent points is exactly the same.

Question 9

Which sequence represents the correct evolutionary order of events in some species of Antarctic fish?

Accepted Answer

A)  Presence of antifreeze proteins → presence of hemoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin 
B)  Presence of antifreeze proteins → presence of hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin 
C)  No functional hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional myoglobin → presence of functional hemoglobin 
D)  Presence of hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin 
A)  Presence of antifreeze proteins → presence of hemoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin 
B)  Presence of antifreeze proteins → presence of hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin 
C)  No functional hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional myoglobin → presence of functional hemoglobin 
D)  Presence of hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin

Question 10

Compare and contrast top-down and bottom-up methods of study in physiology.

Accepted Answer

The top-down approach to the study of ph

Question 11

What is the leading hypothesis for why icefish lost their hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

The leading hypothesis contends that a r

Question 12

Refer to the figure shown.
  This phylogenetic tree is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  bone morphology. 
B)  similarities of mitochondrial DNA. 
C)  sequences of the hemoglobin genes. 
D)  sequences of antifreeze genes. 
A)  bone morphology. 
B)  similarities of mitochondrial DNA. 
C)  sequences of the hemoglobin genes. 
D)  sequences of antifreeze genes.

Question 13

In studying animal hibernation, why might a metabolomic approach be helpful in studying this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolomics would categorize which macromolecules are involved in hibernation. 
B)  Metabolomics would isolate which metabolites cause hibernation. 
C)  Hibernation would likely show large shifts in protein responses. 
D)  Hibernation is defined by a change in metabolism. 
A)  Metabolomics would categorize which macromolecules are involved in hibernation. 
B)  Metabolomics would isolate which metabolites cause hibernation. 
C)  Hibernation would likely show large shifts in protein responses. 
D)  Hibernation is defined by a change in metabolism.

Question 14

Sequencing a genome and identifying individual genes are processes typically carried out

Accepted Answer

A)  via manual transcription by a team of genetic scientists. 
B)  using experimental processes. 
C)  by computers using high-throughput methods. 
D)  by hand with a team of information scientists. 
A)  via manual transcription by a team of genetic scientists. 
B)  using experimental processes. 
C)  by computers using high-throughput methods. 
D)  by hand with a team of information scientists.

Question 15

Refer to the figure shown.
  What is the best explanation for the differences, as shown in the figure, in the icefish globin genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Redundant gene sequences have been selected against and removed over time. 
B)  The α-globin gene is nonfunctional; the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome but is functional. 
C)  The α-globin gene is nonfunctional; the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome and is nonfunctional. 
D)  Deletions have rendered the α-globin gene nonfunctional and the β-globin gene has been removed. 
A)  Redundant gene sequences have been selected against and removed over time. 
B)  The α-globin gene is nonfunctional; the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome but is functional. 
C)  The α-globin gene is nonfunctional; the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome and is nonfunctional. 
D)  Deletions have rendered the α-globin gene nonfunctional and the β-globin gene has been removed.

Question 16

For the Antarctic icefish, a consequence of their lack of hemoglobin is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  are sluggish and therefore prone to predation. 
B)  are restricted to very cold water. 
C)  have bluish blood. 
D)  are very small in size. 
A)  are sluggish and therefore prone to predation. 
B)  are restricted to very cold water. 
C)  have bluish blood. 
D)  are very small in size.

Question 17

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the figure is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It shows when icefish diverged from red-blooded fish. 
B)  It shows the phylogeny of teleost fish outgroups and their relatedness to icefish. 
C)  It shows an evolutionary tree of 22 species of related Antarctic fish. 
D)  It shows the relatedness of Antarctic fish that use antifreeze proteins. 
A)  It shows when icefish diverged from red-blooded fish. 
B)  It shows the phylogeny of teleost fish outgroups and their relatedness to icefish. 
C)  It shows an evolutionary tree of 22 species of related Antarctic fish. 
D)  It shows the relatedness of Antarctic fish that use antifreeze proteins.

Question 18

Describe how RNA interference promises to provide important insights into gene function.

Accepted Answer

RNA interference (RNAi) is a recently di

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
  The study of the process of catalysis would take place between levels

Accepted Answer

A)  II and I. 
B)  II and III. 
C)  I and III. 
D)  I and II. 
A)  II and I. 
B)  II and III. 
C)  I and III. 
D)  I and II.

Question 20

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the figure is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It shows when icefish diverged from red-blooded fish. 
B)  It shows the lineages of icefish that have lost functional myoglobin. 
C)  It shows the lineages of icefish that have regained functional hemoglobin. 
D)  It shows the lineages of Antarctic fish that use antifreeze proteins. 
A)  It shows when icefish diverged from red-blooded fish. 
B)  It shows the lineages of icefish that have lost functional myoglobin. 
C)  It shows the lineages of icefish that have regained functional hemoglobin. 
D)  It shows the lineages of Antarctic fish that use antifreeze proteins.

Exam 3: Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

How many genes code for the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule?

After the genome of a species has been sequenced,

When predictions are made from the genome of a species alone, they may prove to be wrong for several reasons. What is one of those reasons?

The coldest water that icefish typically inhabit is

Refer to the figure shown. The circles in the figure represent

Why are screening studies at odds with a priori hypotheses?

Which statement regarding myoglobin in Antarctic fish is true?

Refer to the figure shown. What is the strongest evidence supporting the four independent events occurring in the figure?

Which sequence represents the correct evolutionary order of events in some species of Antarctic fish?

Compare and contrast top-down and bottom-up methods of study in physiology.

What is the leading hypothesis for why icefish lost their hemoglobin?

Refer to the figure shown. This phylogenetic tree is based on

In studying animal hibernation, why might a metabolomic approach be helpful in studying this phenomenon?

Sequencing a genome and identifying individual genes are processes typically carried out

Refer to the figure shown. What is the best explanation for the differences, as shown in the figure, in the icefish globin genes?

For the Antarctic icefish, a consequence of their lack of hemoglobin is that they

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the figure is true?

Describe how RNA interference promises to provide important insights into gene function.

Refer to the figure shown. The study of the process of catalysis would take place between levels

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the figure is true?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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