Question 1

Refer to the figure shown.
  This figure depicts

Accepted Answer

A)  the response of a selection of mRNAs to malarial parasites. 
B)  the daily patterns of enzymes that are responsible for combating the malarial parasite. 
C)  the daily patterns of mRNAs that code for detoxification enzymes. 
D)  three enzymatic responses to a daily light cycle in the malarial parasite. 
A)  the response of a selection of mRNAs to malarial parasites. 
B)  the daily patterns of enzymes that are responsible for combating the malarial parasite. 
C)  the daily patterns of mRNAs that code for detoxification enzymes. 
D)  three enzymatic responses to a daily light cycle in the malarial parasite.

Question 2

Discuss the evidence suggesting that antifreeze proteins evolved after the loss of hemoglobin.

Accepted Answer

Researchers can show that antifreeze pro

Question 3

Which statement regarding sea urchins is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  No genes are present that code for gap-junction proteins. 
B)  No genes are present that code for the enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline. 
C)  Genes that code for cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes are extraordinarily numerous. 
D)  Genes that code for skeleton mineralization are very similar to those found in vertebrates. 
A)  No genes are present that code for gap-junction proteins. 
B)  No genes are present that code for the enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline. 
C)  Genes that code for cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes are extraordinarily numerous. 
D)  Genes that code for skeleton mineralization are very similar to those found in vertebrates.

Question 4

Even though a transcriptomic study has been performed, why perform a proteomic study on the same tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)  It allows a more statistically accurate investigation of gene expression. 
B)  It matches the proteins formed with the mRNAs synthesized. 
C)  The proteins coded by many genes are unknown and are part of the phenotype. 
D)  There is no reason to perform a proteomic study on the tissue if the transcriptomic study was performed correctly. 
A)  It allows a more statistically accurate investigation of gene expression. 
B)  It matches the proteins formed with the mRNAs synthesized. 
C)  The proteins coded by many genes are unknown and are part of the phenotype. 
D)  There is no reason to perform a proteomic study on the tissue if the transcriptomic study was performed correctly.

Question 5

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the figure is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It represents the output of a genomic analysis. 
B)  It shows a two-species genomic analysis. 
C)  It is a proteomic output. 
D)  It is the output of a microarray. 
A)  It represents the output of a genomic analysis. 
B)  It shows a two-species genomic analysis. 
C)  It is a proteomic output. 
D)  It is the output of a microarray.

Question 6

Which observation proves the best evidence that a parasite could be causing a behavioral change in the host?

Accepted Answer

A)  The protein profile of the parasitized animal is different from the unparasitized animal. 
B)  Many proteins increase or decrease in the brain of a parasitized animal. 
C)  The parasitized animal behaves in a manner never observed in unparasitized animals. 
D)  The parasitized animal dies from the parasite. 
A)  The protein profile of the parasitized animal is different from the unparasitized animal. 
B)  Many proteins increase or decrease in the brain of a parasitized animal. 
C)  The parasitized animal behaves in a manner never observed in unparasitized animals. 
D)  The parasitized animal dies from the parasite.

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  The figure is based on the measurement of

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins. 
B)  metabolites. 
C)  mRNA. 
D)  DNA. 
A)  proteins. 
B)  metabolites. 
C)  mRNA. 
D)  DNA.

Question 8

Genomic analysis of the sea urchin led to the discovery that there are no genes coding for gap-junction proteins or for adrenaline. Functionally, this suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  there are no gap junctions in sea urchins. 
B)  there is no cellular communication system in sea urchins. 
C)  sea urchins are not related to vertebrates. 
D)  the cellular communication system of sea urchins is unusual. 
A)  there are no gap junctions in sea urchins. 
B)  there is no cellular communication system in sea urchins. 
C)  sea urchins are not related to vertebrates. 
D)  the cellular communication system of sea urchins is unusual.

Question 9

At each stage of the bottom-up approach in the study of animal physiology, the most common strategy is the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  screening. 
B)  sequencing. 
C)  transcriptomics. 
D)  expression profiling. 
A)  screening. 
B)  sequencing. 
C)  transcriptomics. 
D)  expression profiling.

Question 10

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which point(s) refer(s) to the most likely divergence(s) of the hemoglobin-free icefish?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  Both I and II 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  Both I and II

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the figure is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It shows a two-species genomic analysis. 
B)  It shows a two-species environmental response at the protein level. 
C)  It shows the separation of proteins by a gel. 
D)  It is the output of a microarray. 
A)  It shows a two-species genomic analysis. 
B)  It shows a two-species environmental response at the protein level. 
C)  It shows the separation of proteins by a gel. 
D)  It is the output of a microarray.

Question 12

A species' full set of genetic material is termed its

Accepted Answer

A)  genome. 
B)  sequence. 
C)  transcriptome. 
D)  proteome. 
A)  genome. 
B)  sequence. 
C)  transcriptome. 
D)  proteome.

Question 13

Which protein is common in all species of Antarctic fish?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ventricular myoglobin 
B)  Antifreeze glycoproteins 
C)  Hemoglobin 
D)  Myoglobin 
A)  Ventricular myoglobin 
B)  Antifreeze glycoproteins 
C)  Hemoglobin 
D)  Myoglobin

Question 14

Why are metabolomic studies useful?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolomic studies often reveal metabolites that may not have even been considered as part of a particular hypothesis. 
B)  Metabolomics isolate which metabolites are used in a particular biochemical pathway. 
C)  Metabolomics catalogues the protein synthesis changes in particular cells. 
D)  Metabolomics are typically not as useful as proteomic studies. 
A)  Metabolomic studies often reveal metabolites that may not have even been considered as part of a particular hypothesis. 
B)  Metabolomics isolate which metabolites are used in a particular biochemical pathway. 
C)  Metabolomics catalogues the protein synthesis changes in particular cells. 
D)  Metabolomics are typically not as useful as proteomic studies.

Question 15

Explain how a DNA microarray works.

Accepted Answer

A DNA microarray consists of a grid of s

Question 16

Which statement about glycoproteins is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The genes responsible for producing the suite of glycoproteins in Antarctic fish evolved after the appearance of icefish. 
B)  Glycoproteins reduce the freezing point of blood plasma. 
C)  Genes coding for glycoproteins are similar in all species of Antarctic fish. 
D)  When hemoglobin became deleted in icefish, they already had the genes coding for glycoproteins. 
A)  The genes responsible for producing the suite of glycoproteins in Antarctic fish evolved after the appearance of icefish. 
B)  Glycoproteins reduce the freezing point of blood plasma. 
C)  Genes coding for glycoproteins are similar in all species of Antarctic fish. 
D)  When hemoglobin became deleted in icefish, they already had the genes coding for glycoproteins.

Question 17

The hypotheses from bottom-up research

Accepted Answer

A)  are all statistically significant, given the number of tests involved. 
B)  typically are not formed a priori. 
C)  produce false positives most of the time. 
D)  cannot be validated statistically. 
A)  are all statistically significant, given the number of tests involved. 
B)  typically are not formed a priori. 
C)  produce false positives most of the time. 
D)  cannot be validated statistically.

Question 18

Which protein is common in all species of icefish?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ventricular myoglobin 
B)  Antifreeze glycoproteins 
C)  Hemoglobin 
D)  Myoglobin 
A)  Ventricular myoglobin 
B)  Antifreeze glycoproteins 
C)  Hemoglobin 
D)  Myoglobin

Question 19

In the study of animal physiology, which statement expresses an advantage of the bottom-up approach pursued with high-throughput methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is specific in searching for proteins and metabolites instead of genes. 
B)  It can proceed without preexisting biases regarding which genes are involved in a particular function. 
C)  It can focus on a defined phenomenon of known importance to the whole organism. 
D)  It is specific in searching for gene expression instead of profiling proteins or metabolites. 
A)  It is specific in searching for proteins and metabolites instead of genes. 
B)  It can proceed without preexisting biases regarding which genes are involved in a particular function. 
C)  It can focus on a defined phenomenon of known importance to the whole organism. 
D)  It is specific in searching for gene expression instead of profiling proteins or metabolites.

Question 20

Discuss in detail how hemoglobin evolved in the vertebrates.

Accepted Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of

Exam 3: Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Refer to the figure shown. This figure depicts

Discuss the evidence suggesting that antifreeze proteins evolved after the loss of hemoglobin.

Which statement regarding sea urchins is false?

Even though a transcriptomic study has been performed, why perform a proteomic study on the same tissue?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the figure is true?

Which observation proves the best evidence that a parasite could be causing a behavioral change in the host?

Refer to the figure shown. The figure is based on the measurement of

Genomic analysis of the sea urchin led to the discovery that there are no genes coding for gap-junction proteins or for adrenaline. Functionally, this suggests that

At each stage of the bottom-up approach in the study of animal physiology, the most common strategy is the use of

Refer to the figure shown. Which point(s) refer(s) to the most likely divergence(s) of the hemoglobin-free icefish?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the figure is true?

A species' full set of genetic material is termed its

Which protein is common in all species of Antarctic fish?

Why are metabolomic studies useful?

Explain how a DNA microarray works.

Which statement about glycoproteins is false?

The hypotheses from bottom-up research

Which protein is common in all species of icefish?

In the study of animal physiology, which statement expresses an advantage of the bottom-up approach pursued with high-throughput methods?

Discuss in detail how hemoglobin evolved in the vertebrates.

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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