Question 1

Cell differentiation can be regulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  transcription factors. 
B)  juxtacrine signaling. 
C)  paracrine signaling. 
D)  all of the above. 
E)  none of the above. 
A)  transcription factors. 
B)  juxtacrine signaling. 
C)  paracrine signaling. 
D)  all of the above. 
E)  none of the above.

Question 2

The innermost layer in the developing vertebrate cortex is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  cortical plate 
B)  marginal zone 
C)  intermediate zone 
D)  ventricular zone 
E)  subventricular zone 
A)  cortical plate 
B)  marginal zone 
C)  intermediate zone 
D)  ventricular zone 
E)  subventricular zone

Question 3

This morphogen is involved in ventral patterning of the nervous system.

Accepted Answer

A)  FGF 
B)  Shh 
C)  Wnt 
D)  BMP 
E)  EGF 
A)  FGF 
B)  Shh 
C)  Wnt 
D)  BMP 
E)  EGF

Question 4

Transplantation experiments showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  different progenitor cells give rise to distinct cell types in the cortex. 
B)  common progenitor cells gain more and more competence to create different cell types as development proceeds. 
C)  common progenitor cells have more and more restricted competence to develop into different cell types as time progresses. 
D)  common progenitor cells do not change their competence level during development. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  different progenitor cells give rise to distinct cell types in the cortex. 
B)  common progenitor cells gain more and more competence to create different cell types as development proceeds. 
C)  common progenitor cells have more and more restricted competence to develop into different cell types as time progresses. 
D)  common progenitor cells do not change their competence level during development. 
E)  None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following transcription factors determine the regional identity of the caudal portion of the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emx2 
B)  Sp8 
C)  Pax6 
D)  Couptf1 
E)  Hox3 
A)  Emx2 
B)  Sp8 
C)  Pax6 
D)  Couptf1 
E)  Hox3

Question 6

Design an experiment that provides evidence that BMP4 is maintaining the ectoderm state during gastrulation.

Accepted Answer

By expressing a truncated version of the

Question 7

During nervous system development, the following factors control cell specification.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA polymerases 
B)  RNA polymerases 
C)  Ribosomes 
D)  Proteases 
E)  Transcription factors 
A)  DNA polymerases 
B)  RNA polymerases 
C)  Ribosomes 
D)  Proteases 
E)  Transcription factors

Question 8

This molecule determines the midbrain-hindbrain boundary.

Accepted Answer

A)  Shh 
B)  BMP 
C)  Follistatin 
D)  FGF8 
E)  RA 
A)  Shh 
B)  BMP 
C)  Follistatin 
D)  FGF8 
E)  RA

Question 9

Explain how retrospective birth-dating provided evidence of adult neurogenesis in the human brain.

Accepted Answer

During the time of nuclear weapon tests

Question 10

NrCAM belongs to this group of molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  Diffusible factors 
B)  Extracellular matrix molecules 
C)  Growth factors 
D)  Repulsive factors 
E)  Adhesion molecules 
A)  Diffusible factors 
B)  Extracellular matrix molecules 
C)  Growth factors 
D)  Repulsive factors 
E)  Adhesion molecules

Question 11

During neural tube formation, the neural tube ultimately separates from the ectoderm. Provide a molecular mechanism that explains how this separation occurs.

Accepted Answer

Neural tube cells switch expre

Question 12

Hoxb-1 has been implicated in the formation of rhombomere R4 during vertebrate hindbrain development. How would you design an experiment to test this hypothesis? What could be a potential problem with the approach?

Accepted Answer

Create a Hoxb-1 knockout mouse by homolo

Question 13

Explain why zebrafish has become a popular model system to study nervous system development.

Accepted Answer

Zebrafish has many benefits as a model s

Question 14

This human-specific gene can induce the formation of additional neural progenitor cells and thereby a thicker cortex.

Accepted Answer

A)  ARHGAP11B 
B)  GAP43 
C)  Sox3 
D)  Shh 
E)  CREB 
A)  ARHGAP11B 
B)  GAP43 
C)  Sox3 
D)  Shh 
E)  CREB

Question 15

The following tools have been used to study to study cell fate mapping.

Accepted Answer

A)  Lipophilic dyes 
B)  Ion channel blockers 
C)  cAMP analogues 
D)  Kinase inhibitors 
E)  Microtubule inhibitors 
A)  Lipophilic dyes 
B)  Ion channel blockers 
C)  cAMP analogues 
D)  Kinase inhibitors 
E)  Microtubule inhibitors

Question 16

Human brain organoids are developed from

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiated neurons. 
B)  glial cells. 
C)  adult human brain tissue. 
D)  embryonic human brain tissue. 
E)  induced pluripotent stem cells. 
A)  differentiated neurons. 
B)  glial cells. 
C)  adult human brain tissue. 
D)  embryonic human brain tissue. 
E)  induced pluripotent stem cells.

Question 17

Explain how it was demonstrated experimentally that neural crest cells assume a cell fate that is determined by the environment.

Accepted Answer

Nicole Le Douarin transplanted premigrat

Question 18

Human brain organoids have become a useful model system to study human brain development and disorders. However, there are some limitations in this system to faithfully recapitulate human brain development. Please explain.

Accepted Answer

Whereas human brain organoids have some

Question 19

McConnell and colleagues found evidence for the progressive competence restriction model by performing

Accepted Answer

A)  transplantation experiments in ferrets. 
B)  transplantation experiments in amphibians. 
C)  transplantation experiments in mice. 
D)  viral labelling experiments in chick. 
E)  radioactive labelling experiments in rats. 
A)  transplantation experiments in ferrets. 
B)  transplantation experiments in amphibians. 
C)  transplantation experiments in mice. 
D)  viral labelling experiments in chick. 
E)  radioactive labelling experiments in rats.

Question 20

What type of experiment did Spemann use to study neural induction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gene knockout 
B)  Antibody injection 
C)  Lipophilic dye labeling 
D)  Radioactive labeling 
E)  Transplantation 
A)  Gene knockout 
B)  Antibody injection 
C)  Lipophilic dye labeling 
D)  Radioactive labeling 
E)  Transplantation

Exam 27: Development of the Nervous System

Cell differentiation can be regulated by

The innermost layer in the developing vertebrate cortex is called the

This morphogen is involved in ventral patterning of the nervous system.

Transplantation experiments showed that

Which of the following transcription factors determine the regional identity of the caudal portion of the cerebral cortex?

Design an experiment that provides evidence that BMP4 is maintaining the ectoderm state during gastrulation.

During nervous system development, the following factors control cell specification.

This molecule determines the midbrain-hindbrain boundary.

Explain how retrospective birth-dating provided evidence of adult neurogenesis in the human brain.

NrCAM belongs to this group of molecules.

During neural tube formation, the neural tube ultimately separates from the ectoderm. Provide a molecular mechanism that explains how this separation occurs.

Hoxb-1 has been implicated in the formation of rhombomere R4 during vertebrate hindbrain development. How would you design an experiment to test this hypothesis? What could be a potential problem with the approach?

Explain why zebrafish has become a popular model system to study nervous system development.

This human-specific gene can induce the formation of additional neural progenitor cells and thereby a thicker cortex.

The following tools have been used to study to study cell fate mapping.

Human brain organoids are developed from

Explain how it was demonstrated experimentally that neural crest cells assume a cell fate that is determined by the environment.

Human brain organoids have become a useful model system to study human brain development and disorders. However, there are some limitations in this system to faithfully recapitulate human brain development. Please explain.

McConnell and colleagues found evidence for the progressive competence restriction model by performing

What type of experiment did Spemann use to study neural induction?

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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