Question 1

Which of the following is not true about neurotransmitters?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by the use of acetylcholinesterase. 
B)  Glutamate is removed from the synaptic cleft by uptake to glial cells. 
C)  Norepinephrine is synthesized locally at the presynaptic area. 
D)  Enkephalin is synthesized locally at the presynaptic area. 
E)  Peptide neurotransmitters are packaged into dense core vesicles at the presynaptic area. 
A)  Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by the use of acetylcholinesterase. 
B)  Glutamate is removed from the synaptic cleft by uptake to glial cells. 
C)  Norepinephrine is synthesized locally at the presynaptic area. 
D)  Enkephalin is synthesized locally at the presynaptic area. 
E)  Peptide neurotransmitters are packaged into dense core vesicles at the presynaptic area.

Question 2

Lactation is triggered by the release of

Accepted Answer

A)  vasopressin. 
B)  orexin. 
C)  substance P. 
D)  histamine. 
E)  oxytocin. 
A)  vasopressin. 
B)  orexin. 
C)  substance P. 
D)  histamine. 
E)  oxytocin.

Question 3

Which of the following are blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin and have a high permeability to calcium ions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels 
B)  GABAB receptor channel 
C)  muscarinic cholinergic receptors 
D)  adrenergic receptors 
E)  NK receptors 
A)  Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels 
B)  GABAB receptor channel 
C)  muscarinic cholinergic receptors 
D)  adrenergic receptors 
E)  NK receptors

Question 4

One of the key functions of orexins is to

Accepted Answer

A)  trigger voluntary walking. 
B)  inhibit reflexive action. 
C)  promote awakening. 
D)  curtail appetite. 
E)  reduce short term pain. 
A)  trigger voluntary walking. 
B)  inhibit reflexive action. 
C)  promote awakening. 
D)  curtail appetite. 
E)  reduce short term pain.

Question 5

What is the primary effect of norepinephrine on its target neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inhibits slow calcium activated potassium current 
B)  Excites the slow sodium conductance in AMPA receptors 
C)  Excites the fast sodium conductance in NMDA receptors 
D)  Modulates the sodium current in muscarinic ACh receptors 
E)  Inhibits tonic sodium activity of thalamic neurons. 
A)  Inhibits slow calcium activated potassium current 
B)  Excites the slow sodium conductance in AMPA receptors 
C)  Excites the fast sodium conductance in NMDA receptors 
D)  Modulates the sodium current in muscarinic ACh receptors 
E)  Inhibits tonic sodium activity of thalamic neurons.

Question 6

One of the earliest and most profound changes found in patients with Alzheimer's disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  death of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. 
B)  death of striatal GABAergic neurons. 
C)  death of raphe serotonergic neurons. 
D)  loss of the subthalamic neurons. 
E)  degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. 
A)  death of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. 
B)  death of striatal GABAergic neurons. 
C)  death of raphe serotonergic neurons. 
D)  loss of the subthalamic neurons. 
E)  degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.

Question 7

Recently, a mutation for a gene for a synthetic enzyme of a neurotransmitter has shown to be related to Tourette's syndrome. This is more evidence that this neurotransmitter is involved in which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive abilities 
B)  Locomotion 
C)  Memory 
D)  Learning 
E)  neurosecretion 
A)  Cognitive abilities 
B)  Locomotion 
C)  Memory 
D)  Learning 
E)  neurosecretion

Question 8

Vasopressin is involved in which gland of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Posterior pituitary glans 
B)  Thyroid gland 
C)  Adrenal cortex 
D)  Adrenal medulla 
E)  Pineal gland 
A)  Posterior pituitary glans 
B)  Thyroid gland 
C)  Adrenal cortex 
D)  Adrenal medulla 
E)  Pineal gland

Question 9

If you wanted to examine if a GABAB receptor was involved at a specific synapse, which would you use?

Accepted Answer

A)  MK-801, which would inhibit selectively GABAB receptors 
B)  Baclofen, which would activate selectively GABAB receptors 
C)  Barbiturates, which prolong the postsynaptic current at GABAB receptors 
D)  Nicotine, which would enhance the postsynaptic current at GABAB receptors 
E)  TTX, which would decrease the presynaptic current at GABAB receptors 
A)  MK-801, which would inhibit selectively GABAB receptors 
B)  Baclofen, which would activate selectively GABAB receptors 
C)  Barbiturates, which prolong the postsynaptic current at GABAB receptors 
D)  Nicotine, which would enhance the postsynaptic current at GABAB receptors 
E)  TTX, which would decrease the presynaptic current at GABAB receptors

Question 10

Enhancement of which receptor currents is responsible for some of the effects of ethanol?

Accepted Answer

A)  GABAB 
B)  mGluR6 
C)  mAChR 
D)  NK 
E)  GABAA 
A)  GABAB 
B)  mGluR6 
C)  mAChR 
D)  NK 
E)  GABAA

Question 11

Describe an example of how a metabotropic glutamate receptor can affect internal biochemistry of the postsynaptic neuron.

Accepted Answer

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors

Question 12

Orexinergic neurons trigger increased food intake from release of

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. 
B)  substance P. 
C)  morphine. 
D)  secretin. 
E)  CCK. 
A)  hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. 
B)  substance P. 
C)  morphine. 
D)  secretin. 
E)  CCK.

Question 13

Morphine-like activity is mimicked by which neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Glutamate 
C)  GABA 
D)  Enkephalin 
E)  Serotonin 
A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Glutamate 
C)  GABA 
D)  Enkephalin 
E)  Serotonin

Question 14

mGluR6 receptors are most often found in which location?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retinal bipolar cells 
B)  Retina ganglion cells 
C)  Mueller cells 
D)  Dorsal horn cells in the spinal cord 
E)  Presynaptic glutaminergic fibers. 
A)  Retinal bipolar cells 
B)  Retina ganglion cells 
C)  Mueller cells 
D)  Dorsal horn cells in the spinal cord 
E)  Presynaptic glutaminergic fibers.

Question 15

How were cholinergic neurons first localized?

Accepted Answer

A)  Histochemical stain for cholinesterase 
B)  Patch clamp recordings 
C)  Intracellular recordings 
D)  Amperometry 
E)  In situ hybridization for enzymes 
A)  Histochemical stain for cholinesterase 
B)  Patch clamp recordings 
C)  Intracellular recordings 
D)  Amperometry 
E)  In situ hybridization for enzymes

Question 16

Describe ATP's involvement with neuroglial signaling.

Accepted Answer

Neuroglial cells have ATP receptors. It

Question 17

Describe some of the indirect neurotransmitters that are used to modulate transmission through synaptic pathways in the CNS and how they work.

Accepted Answer

The indirect neurotransmitters include s

Question 18

Serotonergic neurons are concentrated in which location?

Accepted Answer

A)  Locus coeruleus 
B)  Basal forebrain 
C)  Raphe nucleus 
D)  Substantia nigra 
E)  Dorsal hypothalamus 
A)  Locus coeruleus 
B)  Basal forebrain 
C)  Raphe nucleus 
D)  Substantia nigra 
E)  Dorsal hypothalamus

Question 19

Describe one way to visualize a neurotransmitter of interest or its receptor in the cell body and a second way to identify them in the presynaptic area.

Accepted Answer

In the cell body in situ hybridization c

Question 20

Certain drugs can reduce inflammation related to rashes and insect bites. The usual side effect of taking these drugs is to become sleepy. Which best describes this group of biogenic amines?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prozac (fluoxetine) 
B)  cocaine 
C)  antihistamine 
D)  barbiturate 
E)  alcohol 
A)  Prozac (fluoxetine) 
B)  cocaine 
C)  antihistamine 
D)  barbiturate 
E)  alcohol

Exam 14: Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Which of the following is not true about neurotransmitters?

Lactation is triggered by the release of

Which of the following are blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin and have a high permeability to calcium ions?

One of the key functions of orexins is to

What is the primary effect of norepinephrine on its target neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex?

One of the earliest and most profound changes found in patients with Alzheimer's disease is

Recently, a mutation for a gene for a synthetic enzyme of a neurotransmitter has shown to be related to Tourette's syndrome. This is more evidence that this neurotransmitter is involved in which of the following functions?

Vasopressin is involved in which gland of the endocrine system?

If you wanted to examine if a GABAB receptor was involved at a specific synapse, which would you use?

Enhancement of which receptor currents is responsible for some of the effects of ethanol?

Describe an example of how a metabotropic glutamate receptor can affect internal biochemistry of the postsynaptic neuron.

Orexinergic neurons trigger increased food intake from release of

Morphine-like activity is mimicked by which neurotransmitter?

mGluR6 receptors are most often found in which location?

How were cholinergic neurons first localized?

Describe ATP's involvement with neuroglial signaling.

Describe some of the indirect neurotransmitters that are used to modulate transmission through synaptic pathways in the CNS and how they work.

Serotonergic neurons are concentrated in which location?

Describe one way to visualize a neurotransmitter of interest or its receptor in the cell body and a second way to identify them in the presynaptic area.

Certain drugs can reduce inflammation related to rashes and insect bites. The usual side effect of taking these drugs is to become sleepy. Which best describes this group of biogenic amines?

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

If you wanted to examine if a GABA_Breceptor was involved at a specific synapse, which would you use?