Question 1

Giving L-dopa is one of the earliest treatments for

Accepted Answer

A)  Parkinson's disease. 
B)  Alzheimer's disease. 
C)  multiple sclerosis. 
D)  myasthenia gravis. 
E)  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 
A)  Parkinson's disease. 
B)  Alzheimer's disease. 
C)  multiple sclerosis. 
D)  myasthenia gravis. 
E)  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Question 2

Narcolepsy is due to an absence of

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine 
B)  glutamate 
C)  orexins 
D)  GABA 
E)  glycine 
A)  acetylcholine 
B)  glutamate 
C)  orexins 
D)  GABA 
E)  glycine

Question 3

Contrast how peptide neurotransmitters differ from small molecule neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

Peptide neurotransmitters are synthesize

Question 4

What advantage do AMPA receptors have over other types of receptors in terms of synaptic plasticity? How does this come about?

Accepted Answer

AMPA receptors are not tightly held in t

Question 5

Compare and contrast the NMDA receptor with the AMPA receptor.

Accepted Answer

NMDA receptors differ from AMPA receptor

Question 6

Describe how the role of orexins was established in the CNS.

Accepted Answer

When DNA sequences encoding the orexins

Question 7

You have found a new species of birds and you observe a monogamous bonding between male and female. How would you go about determining which neurotransmitters might be involved?

Accepted Answer

You could inject into the cerebrum a vas

Question 8

Orexin containing neurons are located in which area of the CNS?

Accepted Answer

A)  Medial geniculate nucleus 
B)  Ventral posterior lateral nucleus 
C)  Substantia nigra 
D)  Posterior lateral hypothalamus 
E)  Dorsal horn 
A)  Medial geniculate nucleus 
B)  Ventral posterior lateral nucleus 
C)  Substantia nigra 
D)  Posterior lateral hypothalamus 
E)  Dorsal horn

Question 9

Describe the actions of the dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. Explain the effect of cocaine on this area.

Accepted Answer

This is a reward signaling system with t

Question 10

Drugs such as benzodiazepine compounds and barbiturates bind at

Accepted Answer

A)  glycine receptors. 
B)  ionotropic Glutamate receptors. 
C)  nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors. 
D)  GABAA receptor. 
E)  metabotropic glutamate receptors. 
A)  glycine receptors. 
B)  ionotropic Glutamate receptors. 
C)  nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors. 
D)  GABAA receptor. 
E)  metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Question 11

Noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in which location?

Accepted Answer

A)  Raphe nucleus 
B)  Basal forebrain 
C)  Substantia nigra 
D)  Locus coeruleus 
E)  Dorsal hypothalamus 
A)  Raphe nucleus 
B)  Basal forebrain 
C)  Substantia nigra 
D)  Locus coeruleus 
E)  Dorsal hypothalamus

Question 12

What is the location of the neurons containing vasopressin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus 
B)  Red nucleus 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Raphe nucleus 
E)  Periaqueductal gray matter 
A)  Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus 
B)  Red nucleus 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Raphe nucleus 
E)  Periaqueductal gray matter

Question 13

Which of the following is the major modern technique used to localize most neurotransmitters and their receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Patch clamp recordings 
B)  Intracellular recordings 
C)  HRP injections 
D)  Amperometry 
E)  Immunohistochemical methods 
A)  Patch clamp recordings 
B)  Intracellular recordings 
C)  HRP injections 
D)  Amperometry 
E)  Immunohistochemical methods

Question 14

Which is most likely used to describe a serotonergic neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confined to special nuclei in the brainstem 
B)  Only binds to ionotropic receptors 
C)  Only involved in locomotor function 
D)  Usually works in a fast manner 
E)  Generally leads to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane 
A)  Confined to special nuclei in the brainstem 
B)  Only binds to ionotropic receptors 
C)  Only involved in locomotor function 
D)  Usually works in a fast manner 
E)  Generally leads to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 15

Describe the role and location of Substance P in nociceptive (pain) transmission. Briefly explain a method used to study this neurotransmitter's receptor system and the findings from these experiments.

Accepted Answer

Substance P is highly concentrated in pr

Question 16

What would the result be if you increase the concentration of glucose and record intracellularly from orexinergic neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be no change in the membrane potential. 
B)  There would be an increase in the release of acetylcholine. 
C)  Orexinergic neurons will begin to fire spontaneously. 
D)  The membrane potential of the neurons will become more negative. 
E)  Orexinergic neurons only going to the dorsal raphe will begin to fire spontaneously. 
A)  There will be no change in the membrane potential. 
B)  There would be an increase in the release of acetylcholine. 
C)  Orexinergic neurons will begin to fire spontaneously. 
D)  The membrane potential of the neurons will become more negative. 
E)  Orexinergic neurons only going to the dorsal raphe will begin to fire spontaneously.

Question 17

Which of the following is used to limit neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic area?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glycine receptors 
B)  GABAB receptor 
C)  Ionotropic Glutamate receptors 
D)  Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors 
E)  Metabotropic glutamate receptors 
A)  Glycine receptors 
B)  GABAB receptor 
C)  Ionotropic Glutamate receptors 
D)  Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors 
E)  Metabotropic glutamate receptors

Question 18

How were orexins discovered to be neurotransmitters?

Accepted Answer

Orexins were discovered by two independe

Question 19

You are interested in determining the involvement of neurotransmitter X on a specific behavior of an organism. Describe your hypothesis and the general methodology you would follow to show such a relationship.

Accepted Answer

You would search for a relationship betw

Question 20

Which neurotransmitter is a peptide?

Accepted Answer

A)  Orexins 
B)  Acetylcholine 
C)  Glutamate 
D)  GABA 
E)  Glycine 
A)  Orexins 
B)  Acetylcholine 
C)  Glutamate 
D)  GABA 
E)  Glycine

Exam 14: Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Giving L-dopa is one of the earliest treatments for

Narcolepsy is due to an absence of

Contrast how peptide neurotransmitters differ from small molecule neurotransmitters.

What advantage do AMPA receptors have over other types of receptors in terms of synaptic plasticity? How does this come about?

Compare and contrast the NMDA receptor with the AMPA receptor.

Describe how the role of orexins was established in the CNS.

You have found a new species of birds and you observe a monogamous bonding between male and female. How would you go about determining which neurotransmitters might be involved?

Orexin containing neurons are located in which area of the CNS?

Describe the actions of the dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. Explain the effect of cocaine on this area.

Drugs such as benzodiazepine compounds and barbiturates bind at

Noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in which location?

What is the location of the neurons containing vasopressin?

Which of the following is the major modern technique used to localize most neurotransmitters and their receptors?

Which is most likely used to describe a serotonergic neuron?

Describe the role and location of Substance P in nociceptive (pain) transmission. Briefly explain a method used to study this neurotransmitter's receptor system and the findings from these experiments.

What would the result be if you increase the concentration of glucose and record intracellularly from orexinergic neurons?

Which of the following is used to limit neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic area?

How were orexins discovered to be neurotransmitters?

You are interested in determining the involvement of neurotransmitter X on a specific behavior of an organism. Describe your hypothesis and the general methodology you would follow to show such a relationship.

Which neurotransmitter is a peptide?

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters