Question 1

The idea that animals have a geometric module dedicated to encoding the shape of the environment was generated by

Accepted Answer

A)  the theory of microchoices. 
B)  the observation that animals approach similarly shaped walls, regardless of direction. 
C)  the theory of cognitive maps. 
D)  the observation that animals need at least two landmarks to establish direction to a goal. 
A)  the theory of microchoices. 
B)  the observation that animals approach similarly shaped walls, regardless of direction. 
C)  the theory of cognitive maps. 
D)  the observation that animals need at least two landmarks to establish direction to a goal.

Question 2

When humans and birds are tested on their ability to detect embedded stimuli,

Accepted Answer

A)  birds do better when the unique region differs by a single feature, whereas humans can solve the problem as easily when one or multiple features are present. 
B)  birds are more likely to find the unique region when the entropy value of the display is low, whereas entropy value does not affect human detection. 
C)  birds compare each area with other areas to find the embedded stimulus, whereas humans use a more general strategy of textural roughness. 
D)  birds and humans perform similarly; both are most successful at finding the embedded region when it contains a unique feature. 
A)  birds do better when the unique region differs by a single feature, whereas humans can solve the problem as easily when one or multiple features are present. 
B)  birds are more likely to find the unique region when the entropy value of the display is low, whereas entropy value does not affect human detection. 
C)  birds compare each area with other areas to find the embedded stimulus, whereas humans use a more general strategy of textural roughness. 
D)  birds and humans perform similarly; both are most successful at finding the embedded region when it contains a unique feature.

Question 3

Responding on a generalization gradient will

Accepted Answer

A)  be flat if the subject cannot distinguish between the training and the comparison stimuli. 
B)  be steep if the subject is tested with a variety of comparison stimuli similar to the training stimulus. 
C)  peak at a comparison stimulus similar to the training stimulus, rather than at the training stimulus. 
D)  extinguish rapidly during testing, with the largest drop in responding occurring to the training stimulus. 
A)  be flat if the subject cannot distinguish between the training and the comparison stimuli. 
B)  be steep if the subject is tested with a variety of comparison stimuli similar to the training stimulus. 
C)  peak at a comparison stimulus similar to the training stimulus, rather than at the training stimulus. 
D)  extinguish rapidly during testing, with the largest drop in responding occurring to the training stimulus.

Question 4

According to the information processing model for timing proposed by Gibbon and Church, a hypothetical mechanism produces a timing sensation or pulse that is used to measure the amount of time that has passed. This mechanism is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)  pacemaker. 
B)  accumulator. 
C)  comparator. 
D)  scalar. 
A)  pacemaker. 
B)  accumulator. 
C)  comparator. 
D)  scalar.

Question 5

A radial maze is used by researchers to study

Accepted Answer

A)  choice behavior. 
B)  incentive contrast. 
C)  concept learning. 
D)  working memory. 
A)  choice behavior. 
B)  incentive contrast. 
C)  concept learning. 
D)  working memory.

Question 6

Researchers studying the ability of pigeons to learn categories found that they are capable of learning

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple categories, though this observation may be based on a particular training method. 
B)  one concept at a time, but not multiple concepts simultaneously. 
C)  abstract or uncommon concepts like painting styles or fish types, but not everyday, mundane concepts like grain types or plant types. 
D)  categories involving stimuli that they encounter every day, showing that preparedness is involved. 
A)  multiple categories, though this observation may be based on a particular training method. 
B)  one concept at a time, but not multiple concepts simultaneously. 
C)  abstract or uncommon concepts like painting styles or fish types, but not everyday, mundane concepts like grain types or plant types. 
D)  categories involving stimuli that they encounter every day, showing that preparedness is involved.

Question 7

In searching for food, a rat seems to be guided by

Accepted Answer

A)  a map of where it has been. 
B)  memory for a list of places where it has traveled according to the microchoices made along the way. 
C)  either a memory for a list of places where it has been or a map, depending on the demands of the task. 
D)  place cells in the hippocampus. 
A)  a map of where it has been. 
B)  memory for a list of places where it has traveled according to the microchoices made along the way. 
C)  either a memory for a list of places where it has been or a map, depending on the demands of the task. 
D)  place cells in the hippocampus.

Question 8

In concept learning research with pigeons, it is important to test with new examples because

Accepted Answer

A)  most new examples are miscategorized, showing that most demonstrations only demonstrate memory. 
B)  new examples are necessary to rule out simple stimulus generalization. 
C)  pigeons can remember well over 500 photographs, so what might appear to be concept learning could just be good memory. 
D)  category learning in pigeons is controversial among learning theorists. 
A)  most new examples are miscategorized, showing that most demonstrations only demonstrate memory. 
B)  new examples are necessary to rule out simple stimulus generalization. 
C)  pigeons can remember well over 500 photographs, so what might appear to be concept learning could just be good memory. 
D)  category learning in pigeons is controversial among learning theorists.

Question 9

A rat is allowed to explore for food in a 12-arm radial maze and is interrupted on some trials after it has explored four arms and interrupted on other trials after it has explored eight arms. Explain the navigation choices that it is likely to make following these interruptions. Explain your answer from the perspectives of retrospective and prospective coding.

Accepted Answer

If the animal is using retrospective cod

Question 10

Describe the scalar property of timing and provide an example (real or imagined).

Accepted Answer

The scalar property of timing refers to

Question 11

Research using the peak procedure has demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  responding peaks away from the S‒ or SΔ 
B)  responding peaks at the start of a visual stimulus that signals food, and declines steadily thereafter. 
C)  responding peaks near the end of a stimulus when food has not occurred at the expected time. 
D)  responding peaks near the time that a reinforcer is expected. 
A)  responding peaks away from the S‒ or SΔ 
B)  responding peaks at the start of a visual stimulus that signals food, and declines steadily thereafter. 
C)  responding peaks near the end of a stimulus when food has not occurred at the expected time. 
D)  responding peaks near the time that a reinforcer is expected.

Question 12

_______ is a procedure used to study working memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  Divided attention 
B)  Symbolic DMTS 
C)  Attentional priming 
D)  Entropy detection 
A)  Divided attention 
B)  Symbolic DMTS 
C)  Attentional priming 
D)  Entropy detection

Question 13

The phenomenon of a "search image" is connected to the ability of animals to

Accepted Answer

A)  treat virtual images on a computer screen as if they were real three-dimensional stimuli. 
B)  modify an innate prey image as a result of experience with a variety of actual prey. 
C)  develop a conceptual image using key prey features that improve search efficiency. 
D)  learn to search a field in a systematic fashion so that all existing images are detected. 
A)  treat virtual images on a computer screen as if they were real three-dimensional stimuli. 
B)  modify an innate prey image as a result of experience with a variety of actual prey. 
C)  develop a conceptual image using key prey features that improve search efficiency. 
D)  learn to search a field in a systematic fashion so that all existing images are detected.

Question 14

Pigeons are taught the concept of "bicycle." Subjects that then respond to stimuli according to the similarity of the test image to the memory of the previous bicycle images would support the _______ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar 
A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar

Question 15

Prototype theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Accepted Answer

A)  learning which features are rewarded and which are nonrewarded. 
B)  memorizing all training stimuli and responding to new stimuli based on their similarity to each training stimulus. 
C)  developing a generic or average image and comparing new stimuli to that holistic image. 
D)  avoiding stimuli that lack a key feature of the original training stimuli. 
A)  learning which features are rewarded and which are nonrewarded. 
B)  memorizing all training stimuli and responding to new stimuli based on their similarity to each training stimulus. 
C)  developing a generic or average image and comparing new stimuli to that holistic image. 
D)  avoiding stimuli that lack a key feature of the original training stimuli.

Question 16

Peak shift is most likely to occur when researchers use a _______ as the SD and a _______ as the SΔ.

Accepted Answer

A)  low tone; bright light 
B)  loud tone; bright light 
C)  blue light; violet light 
D)  high-pitched tone; low-pitched buzzer 
A)  low tone; bright light 
B)  loud tone; bright light 
C)  blue light; violet light 
D)  high-pitched tone; low-pitched buzzer

Question 17

Research on stimulus control has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  the methods allow for the study of cognition. 
B)  predators often develop polymorphisms as a result of predation. 
C)  language is necessary for concept learning. 
D)  search images are fundamental for rats. 
A)  the methods allow for the study of cognition. 
B)  predators often develop polymorphisms as a result of predation. 
C)  language is necessary for concept learning. 
D)  search images are fundamental for rats.

Question 18

Subjects in a study are asked to press a left-hand key if the image on a computer screen is a bird or a right-hand key if it is not a bird, and to respond as quickly as possible. On any given trial they may see a bird or some other image (e.g., window, car, pencil, cow, flower, paintbrush, etc.). On one trial, an image of a bat is flashed on screen and a subject responds by pressing the left-hand "is a bird" key. This error could be explained by _______ theory, specifically by using the argument that a bat shares a number of characteristics with birds.

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar 
A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar

Question 19

To test attention, learning, and memory in pigeons, researchers used the following protocol. Phase 1: Subjects are shown a set of bars (///) on a center key-light for a specified period of time. Phase 2: The key-light goes off for another period of time. Phase 3: Two key-lights on either side of the center key-light are illuminated with two different sets of bars (\\ versus ///). The subject's task is to respond to whichever stimulus it has seen previously. This task is referred to as a _______ test.

Accepted Answer

A)  divided attention 
B)  delayed matching-to-sample 
C)  matching-to-sample 
D)  priming 
A)  divided attention 
B)  delayed matching-to-sample 
C)  matching-to-sample 
D)  priming

Question 20

Research on attentional priming in pigeons has found that

Accepted Answer

A)  subjects are more successful with visual search tasks when the target occurs randomly and infrequently. 
B)  subjects are distracted by primes and perform more accurately and quickly when the prime is omitted. 
C)  extensive practice on visual search tasks eliminates priming effects. 
D)  reducing the number and frequency of distractors in the background decreases accuracy. 
A)  subjects are more successful with visual search tasks when the target occurs randomly and infrequently. 
B)  subjects are distracted by primes and perform more accurately and quickly when the prime is omitted. 
C)  extensive practice on visual search tasks eliminates priming effects. 
D)  reducing the number and frequency of distractors in the background decreases accuracy.

The idea that animals have a geometric module dedicated to encoding the shape of the environment was generated by

When humans and birds are tested on their ability to detect embedded stimuli,

Responding on a generalization gradient will

According to the information processing model for timing proposed by Gibbon and Church, a hypothetical mechanism produces a timing sensation or pulse that is used to measure the amount of time that has passed. This mechanism is referred to as the

A radial maze is used by researchers to study

Researchers studying the ability of pigeons to learn categories found that they are capable of learning

In searching for food, a rat seems to be guided by

In concept learning research with pigeons, it is important to test with new examples because

Describe the scalar property of timing and provide an example (real or imagined).

Research using the peak procedure has demonstrated that

_______ is a procedure used to study working memory.

The phenomenon of a "search image" is connected to the ability of animals to

Pigeons are taught the concept of "bicycle." Subjects that then respond to stimuli according to the similarity of the test image to the memory of the previous bicycle images would support the _______ theory.

Prototype theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Peak shift is most likely to occur when researchers use a _ as the S^D and a _ as the S^Δ.

Research on stimulus control has shown that

Research on attentional priming in pigeons has found that

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 8: How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The idea that animals have a geometric module dedicated to encoding the shape of the environment was generated by

When humans and birds are tested on their ability to detect embedded stimuli,

Responding on a generalization gradient will

According to the information processing model for timing proposed by Gibbon and Church, a hypothetical mechanism produces a timing sensation or pulse that is used to measure the amount of time that has passed. This mechanism is referred to as the

A radial maze is used by researchers to study

Researchers studying the ability of pigeons to learn categories found that they are capable of learning

In searching for food, a rat seems to be guided by

In concept learning research with pigeons, it is important to test with new examples because

Describe the scalar property of timing and provide an example (real or imagined).

Research using the peak procedure has demonstrated that

_______ is a procedure used to study working memory.

The phenomenon of a "search image" is connected to the ability of animals to

Pigeons are taught the concept of "bicycle." Subjects that then respond to stimuli according to the similarity of the test image to the memory of the previous bicycle images would support the _______ theory.

Prototype theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Peak shift is most likely to occur when researchers use a _______ as the SD and a _______ as the SΔ.

Research on stimulus control has shown that

Research on attentional priming in pigeons has found that

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Peak shift is most likely to occur when researchers use a _ as the S^D and a _ as the S^Δ.