Question 1

Current research on stimulus control suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  unobservable cognitive processes regulate stimulus control in humans and animals. 
B)  animals form a multitude of stimulus-outcome associations instead of forming concepts. 
C)  young animals and children learn concepts differently from the way adults of their species do. 
D)  cognitive processes regulate human but not animal stimulus-control learning. 
A)  unobservable cognitive processes regulate stimulus control in humans and animals. 
B)  animals form a multitude of stimulus-outcome associations instead of forming concepts. 
C)  young animals and children learn concepts differently from the way adults of their species do. 
D)  cognitive processes regulate human but not animal stimulus-control learning.

Question 2

Researchers studying concept learning are attempting to train subjects to respond to pictures of flowers by pressing one key, to pictures of dogs by pressing another key, and to pictures that lack of dogs or flowers by pressing a third key. Which result would suggest that a subject has learned the concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the test phase the subject responds correctly to new pictures of flowers and new pictures of dogs. 
B)  In the test phase the subject responds to yellow flowers but not red flowers, and only to dogs that resemble those presented during training. 
C)  In the test phase, the subject presses the third key in response to pictures with neither flowers nor dogs. 
D)  In the test phase, the subject presses the third key when the picture contains a flower and a dog. 
A)  In the test phase the subject responds correctly to new pictures of flowers and new pictures of dogs. 
B)  In the test phase the subject responds to yellow flowers but not red flowers, and only to dogs that resemble those presented during training. 
C)  In the test phase, the subject presses the third key in response to pictures with neither flowers nor dogs. 
D)  In the test phase, the subject presses the third key when the picture contains a flower and a dog.

Question 3

The expression "guilt by association" implies the existence of

Accepted Answer

A)  conditional discriminations. 
B)  acquired distinctiveness. 
C)  mediated generalization. 
D)  generalization gradients. 
A)  conditional discriminations. 
B)  acquired distinctiveness. 
C)  mediated generalization. 
D)  generalization gradients.

Question 4

Which observation about time cognition is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Biological clocks operate according to a repeating cycle even when environmental cues are constant or unchanging. 
B)  Changing environmental cues can reset or change the cycling of biological clocks. 
C)  Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans. 
D)  Biological clocks are readily entrained by external cues and can be adjusted in a relatively short period of time. 
A)  Biological clocks operate according to a repeating cycle even when environmental cues are constant or unchanging. 
B)  Changing environmental cues can reset or change the cycling of biological clocks. 
C)  Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans. 
D)  Biological clocks are readily entrained by external cues and can be adjusted in a relatively short period of time.

Question 5

Consider the table below. Pigeons are trained in a symbolic matching-to-sample task in which many different sample stimuli are mapped to two comparisons: given Red (R) or Yellow (Y), pick (→) Vertical (V); given Green (G) or Blue (B), pick Horizontal (H). Then one group of pigeons is trained with everything reversed: given Red or Yellow, pick Horizontal; given Green or Blue, pick Vertical. The other group is given a partial reversal: given Red or Green, pick Horizontal; given Yellow or Blue, pick Vertical. Given what you know about "common coding" or mediated generalization, which reversal should be learned more easily? Why?

Accepted Answer

The whole reversal should be learned mor

Question 6

A conditional discrimination is so named because

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement is required for performance to occur. 
B)  the correct stimulus choice on any trial depends on which stimulus preceded it. 
C)  correct responding depends on identical testing conditions for every training session. 
D)  most discrimination learning requires differential conditioning of the training stimuli. 
A)  reinforcement is required for performance to occur. 
B)  the correct stimulus choice on any trial depends on which stimulus preceded it. 
C)  correct responding depends on identical testing conditions for every training session. 
D)  most discrimination learning requires differential conditioning of the training stimuli.

Question 7

A pigeon is reinforced for pecking a yellow, but not a purple, key. When tested with colors similar to yellow, responding falls off gradually as the color becomes more different. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  According to theories of attention like that of Mackintosh, this gradient would probably have been much flatter if there had been no SΔ and no opportunity to learn the exact features of light that make it a good predictor. 
B)  This gradient is a natural function of the degree of similarity between stimuli. 
C)  The gradient would have been much steeper if there had been no SΔ. 
D)  The gradient should not be affected by an SΔ unless the SD and SΔ are very similar. 
A)  According to theories of attention like that of Mackintosh, this gradient would probably have been much flatter if there had been no SΔ and no opportunity to learn the exact features of light that make it a good predictor. 
B)  This gradient is a natural function of the degree of similarity between stimuli. 
C)  The gradient would have been much steeper if there had been no SΔ. 
D)  The gradient should not be affected by an SΔ unless the SD and SΔ are very similar.

Question 8

Information relating to _______ is stored in episodic memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  individual preferences 
B)  how many times an event happened 
C)  what an event was, along with where and when it occurred 
D)  why an event occurred and what it signifies to the animal 
A)  individual preferences 
B)  how many times an event happened 
C)  what an event was, along with where and when it occurred 
D)  why an event occurred and what it signifies to the animal

Question 9

Travis asks a girl with three visible tattoos to dance with him at a party, and she says no. He then asks another girl, who has no tattoos, to dance, and she says yes. Later he sees two other girls: one has three tattoos, like the girl who turned him down, and the other has six tattoos. He asks the girl with three tattoos to dance. Travis is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

A)  peak shift. 
B)  category learning. 
C)  perceptual learning. 
D)  transposition. 
A)  peak shift. 
B)  category learning. 
C)  perceptual learning. 
D)  transposition.

Question 10

If pigeons are given grain when a 600 nm light is on the key, and no grain when a 580 nm light is on the key, the subjects during testing are likely to respond most to a key lighted with a _______ light.

Accepted Answer

A)  590 nm 
B)  560 nm 
C)  630 nm 
D)  600 nm 
E)  570 nm 
A)  590 nm 
B)  560 nm 
C)  630 nm 
D)  600 nm 
E)  570 nm

Question 11

What is a generalization gradient and how does it differ from a gradient after discrimination training?

Accepted Answer

A generalization gradient is a curve tha

Question 12

A young child often can recognize many common birds (e.g., robins, cardinals, blue jays, gold finches, etc.) as birds, but is stumped when presented with a picture of an exotic-looking peacock. This inability to extend the learned generalization to a novel species illustrates the _______ theory of concept learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer 
B)  feature 
C)  prototype 
D)  exemplar 
A)  transfer 
B)  feature 
C)  prototype 
D)  exemplar

Question 13

Acquired equivalence will most likely take place when two stimuli

Accepted Answer

A)  are associated with different but equally appealing stimuli (e.g., cookies, chocolate milk). 
B)  are in the same stimulus dimension (e.g., both are tones) and are associated with different stimuli. 
C)  are associated with the same stimulus (e.g., light F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 shock, tone F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 shock). 
D)  are used as the SD and SΔ in one discrimination (e.g., red +, green -), and then reversed in the next discrimination (red -, green +). 
A)  are associated with different but equally appealing stimuli (e.g., cookies, chocolate milk). 
B)  are in the same stimulus dimension (e.g., both are tones) and are associated with different stimuli. 
C)  are associated with the same stimulus (e.g., light F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 shock, tone F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 shock). 
D)  are used as the SD and SΔ in one discrimination (e.g., red +, green -), and then reversed in the next discrimination (red -, green +).

Question 14

Which statement about "search images" is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are voluntary, intentional behaviors. 
B)  They do not require mental effort, and they operate automatically. 
C)  They are learned or acquired through experience. 
D)  They are strategies for increasing predator success. 
A)  They are voluntary, intentional behaviors. 
B)  They do not require mental effort, and they operate automatically. 
C)  They are learned or acquired through experience. 
D)  They are strategies for increasing predator success.

Question 15

Describe a geometric module and observations that suggest that such a processing module operates in spatial learning.

Accepted Answer

A geometric module is a representation,

Question 16

Feature theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Accepted Answer

A)  learning which features are rewarded and which are nonrewarded. 
B)  memorizing all training stimuli and responding to new stimuli based on their similarity to each training stimulus. 
C)  developing a generic or average image and comparing new stimuli to that holistic image. 
D)  avoiding stimuli that lack a key feature of the original training stimuli. 
A)  learning which features are rewarded and which are nonrewarded. 
B)  memorizing all training stimuli and responding to new stimuli based on their similarity to each training stimulus. 
C)  developing a generic or average image and comparing new stimuli to that holistic image. 
D)  avoiding stimuli that lack a key feature of the original training stimuli.

Question 17

Good eyesight and the ability to tell the difference between many different stimuli are key for studying categorization, thus the _______ is an ideal testing situation.

Accepted Answer

A)  rat in a water maze 
B)  rat in a radial maze 
C)  pigeon with a touchscreen 
D)  scrub jay with an ice tray 
A)  rat in a water maze 
B)  rat in a radial maze 
C)  pigeon with a touchscreen 
D)  scrub jay with an ice tray

Question 18

In order to determine direction or distance, some animals use an external or environmental cue that is near the goal. This is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  dead reckoning. 
B)  beacon. 
C)  landmark. 
D)  scale. 
A)  dead reckoning. 
B)  beacon. 
C)  landmark. 
D)  scale.

Question 19

A researcher trains animals on an interval schedule using the onset of an explicit cue (e.g., light) as the signal that behavior will not be reinforced until a set amount of time has elapsed. This researcher is using the _______ procedure.

Accepted Answer

A)  temporal generalization 
B)  temporal bisection 
C)  superposition 
D)  peak 
A)  temporal generalization 
B)  temporal bisection 
C)  superposition 
D)  peak

Question 20

Which statement about working memory is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rats and pigeons use retrospective coding to remember early choices and prospective coding to remember later choices. 
B)  Retrospective coding decreases task difficulty as the number of places visited increases; prospective coding increases task difficulty as the number of places yet-to-visit increases. 
C)  When subjects are interrupted or prevented from continuing their selection response, the greatest disruption of performance occurs on choices in the middle, rather than on early or later choices. 
D)  Working memory performance is disrupted much more than reference memory performance when the hippocampus is damaged. 
A)  Rats and pigeons use retrospective coding to remember early choices and prospective coding to remember later choices. 
B)  Retrospective coding decreases task difficulty as the number of places visited increases; prospective coding increases task difficulty as the number of places yet-to-visit increases. 
C)  When subjects are interrupted or prevented from continuing their selection response, the greatest disruption of performance occurs on choices in the middle, rather than on early or later choices. 
D)  Working memory performance is disrupted much more than reference memory performance when the hippocampus is damaged.

Current research on stimulus control suggests that

The expression "guilt by association" implies the existence of

Which observation about time cognition is false?

A conditional discrimination is so named because

A pigeon is reinforced for pecking a yellow, but not a purple, key. When tested with colors similar to yellow, responding falls off gradually as the color becomes more different. Which of the following statements is true?

Information relating to _______ is stored in episodic memory.

If pigeons are given grain when a 600 nm light is on the key, and no grain when a 580 nm light is on the key, the subjects during testing are likely to respond most to a key lighted with a _______ light.

What is a generalization gradient and how does it differ from a gradient after discrimination training?

Acquired equivalence will most likely take place when two stimuli

Which statement about "search images" is false?

Describe a geometric module and observations that suggest that such a processing module operates in spatial learning.

Feature theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Good eyesight and the ability to tell the difference between many different stimuli are key for studying categorization, thus the _______ is an ideal testing situation.

In order to determine direction or distance, some animals use an external or environmental cue that is near the goal. This is called a

A researcher trains animals on an interval schedule using the onset of an explicit cue (e.g., light) as the signal that behavior will not be reinforced until a set amount of time has elapsed. This researcher is using the _______ procedure.

Which statement about working memory is false?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 8: How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

Current research on stimulus control suggests that

The expression "guilt by association" implies the existence of

Which observation about time cognition is false?

A conditional discrimination is so named because

A pigeon is reinforced for pecking a yellow, but not a purple, key. When tested with colors similar to yellow, responding falls off gradually as the color becomes more different. Which of the following statements is true?

Information relating to _______ is stored in episodic memory.

If pigeons are given grain when a 600 nm light is on the key, and no grain when a 580 nm light is on the key, the subjects during testing are likely to respond most to a key lighted with a _______ light.

What is a generalization gradient and how does it differ from a gradient after discrimination training?

Acquired equivalence will most likely take place when two stimuli

Which statement about "search images" is false?

Describe a geometric module and observations that suggest that such a processing module operates in spatial learning.

Feature theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Good eyesight and the ability to tell the difference between many different stimuli are key for studying categorization, thus the _______ is an ideal testing situation.

In order to determine direction or distance, some animals use an external or environmental cue that is near the goal. This is called a

A researcher trains animals on an interval schedule using the onset of an explicit cue (e.g., light) as the signal that behavior will not be reinforced until a set amount of time has elapsed. This researcher is using the _______ procedure.

Which statement about working memory is false?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters