Question 1

In what ways can stimulus control affect predators and prey?

Accepted Answer

Certain features serve as discriminative

Question 2

Awareness of one's own mental state and the use of that information to guide behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  is called stimulus control. 
B)  is called discrimination learning. 
C)  is called metacognition. 
D)  is a human capacity not yet demonstrated in animals. 
A)  is called stimulus control. 
B)  is called discrimination learning. 
C)  is called metacognition. 
D)  is a human capacity not yet demonstrated in animals.

Question 3

Exemplar theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Accepted Answer

A)  learning which features are rewarded and which are nonrewarded. 
B)  memorizing all training stimuli and responding to new stimuli based on their similarity to each training stimulus. 
C)  developing a generic or average image and comparing new stimuli to that holistic image. 
D)  avoiding stimuli that lack a key feature of the original training stimuli. 
A)  learning which features are rewarded and which are nonrewarded. 
B)  memorizing all training stimuli and responding to new stimuli based on their similarity to each training stimulus. 
C)  developing a generic or average image and comparing new stimuli to that holistic image. 
D)  avoiding stimuli that lack a key feature of the original training stimuli.

Question 4

Which conclusion is supported by the figure below?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inhibition produces a flatter gradient than excitation. 
B)  Inhibition is stronger than excitation. 
C)  Peak shift in behavior should be observed for both excitation and inhibition. 
D)  Peak shift was not observed. 
A)  Inhibition produces a flatter gradient than excitation. 
B)  Inhibition is stronger than excitation. 
C)  Peak shift in behavior should be observed for both excitation and inhibition. 
D)  Peak shift was not observed.

Question 5

Perceptual learning refers to a situation in which

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory discriminations facilitate the subsequent discrimination learning of a motor response. 
B)  sensory discriminations facilitate insight learning and imitation. 
C)  simple nonreinforced exposure to stimuli facilitates subsequent discrimination learning. 
D)  reinforcement of a particular stimulus (e.g., red light) facilitates discrimination learning between stimuli in the same stimulus dimension (e.g., red + versus green - ). 
A)  sensory discriminations facilitate the subsequent discrimination learning of a motor response. 
B)  sensory discriminations facilitate insight learning and imitation. 
C)  simple nonreinforced exposure to stimuli facilitates subsequent discrimination learning. 
D)  reinforcement of a particular stimulus (e.g., red light) facilitates discrimination learning between stimuli in the same stimulus dimension (e.g., red + versus green - ).

Question 6

To test attention, learning, and memory in pigeons, researchers use the following protocol. Subjects are trained with compound stimuli (/// on a red key, + on a green key, § on a blue key, and ≡ on an orange key); the /// red and § blue keys are rewarded, and the + green and ≡ orange keys are not. In the second phase, subjects' reaction times are tested to brief presentations of (1) first the symbol and then the colored key, or (2) no symbol and just the colored key. The subjects' task is to respond to the rewarded key colors and not respond to nonrewarded key colors. Researchers measure reaction times and response error rates to determine if the symbol cue helped subjects respond more quickly and accurately. This task is referred to as a _______ task.

Accepted Answer

A)  divided attention 
B)  delayed matching-to-sample 
C)  matching-to-sample 
D)  priming 
A)  divided attention 
B)  delayed matching-to-sample 
C)  matching-to-sample 
D)  priming

Question 7

A geon is

Accepted Answer

A)  the simplest component of a visual stimulus that can be perceived easily from any perspective. 
B)  the smallest difference between any two stimuli that can be perceived by a particular species. 
C)  the most direct pathway in a neural network between a prime and a target stimulus. 
D)  the simplest feature of a visual stimulus, such as an edge or a line. 
A)  the simplest component of a visual stimulus that can be perceived easily from any perspective. 
B)  the smallest difference between any two stimuli that can be perceived by a particular species. 
C)  the most direct pathway in a neural network between a prime and a target stimulus. 
D)  the simplest feature of a visual stimulus, such as an edge or a line.

Question 8

Perceptual learning initially appears to contradict the assumptions of many conditioning theories because these theories predict that

Accepted Answer

A)  only humans have the cognitive capacity to engage in perceptual learning. 
B)  blocking should occur, thereby retarding discrimination learning. 
C)  relational learning should occur, thus facilitating discrimination among stimuli with common features. 
D)  latent inhibition should occur, thereby retarding learning. 
A)  only humans have the cognitive capacity to engage in perceptual learning. 
B)  blocking should occur, thereby retarding discrimination learning. 
C)  relational learning should occur, thus facilitating discrimination among stimuli with common features. 
D)  latent inhibition should occur, thereby retarding learning.

Question 9

On a four-category simultaneous discrimination experiment, pigeons demonstrated their categorical knowledge by pecking on

Accepted Answer

A)  each of four pictured examples in the order in which the categories had been learned. 
B)  one of four available keys that was consistently associated with one of four concepts. 
C)  a category example different from four shown on each block of four trials. 
D)  the best example of a category from four shown on each trial. 
A)  each of four pictured examples in the order in which the categories had been learned. 
B)  one of four available keys that was consistently associated with one of four concepts. 
C)  a category example different from four shown on each block of four trials. 
D)  the best example of a category from four shown on each trial.

Question 10

Which statement about factors that affect working memory is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Performance on DMTS improves as the amount of practice on the task increases. 
B)  Performance improves as the response requirement to turn off the sample increases. 
C)  Interference increases as the intertrial interval is increased. 
D)  Experiencing different samples on successive trials-as opposed to a run of samples that are the same-interferes more with performance. 
A)  Performance on DMTS improves as the amount of practice on the task increases. 
B)  Performance improves as the response requirement to turn off the sample increases. 
C)  Interference increases as the intertrial interval is increased. 
D)  Experiencing different samples on successive trials-as opposed to a run of samples that are the same-interferes more with performance.

Question 11

Which mechanism has not been proposed as an explanation for perceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  The common elements of two stimuli develop more latent inhibition than the unique elements, and thus less generalization and confusion occur between the two stimuli. 
B)  The common element will produce retrieval-generated priming of one of the unique elements that will not occur, and thus the unique elements will become inhibitory signals for each other. 
C)  Complex stimuli have such a large number of features that only a fraction are sampled at any one time. In pre-exposure, more and more features are linked to one another, thereby producing pattern completion when just a subset of features is presented. 
D)  The elements of the stimuli contribute to latent learning that is not manifest in behavior due to a lack of motivation. Perceptual learning is another case of the learning performance distinction: When no incentive is present, a behavior is less likely to occur. 
A)  The common elements of two stimuli develop more latent inhibition than the unique elements, and thus less generalization and confusion occur between the two stimuli. 
B)  The common element will produce retrieval-generated priming of one of the unique elements that will not occur, and thus the unique elements will become inhibitory signals for each other. 
C)  Complex stimuli have such a large number of features that only a fraction are sampled at any one time. In pre-exposure, more and more features are linked to one another, thereby producing pattern completion when just a subset of features is presented. 
D)  The elements of the stimuli contribute to latent learning that is not manifest in behavior due to a lack of motivation. Perceptual learning is another case of the learning performance distinction: When no incentive is present, a behavior is less likely to occur.

Question 12

Spence assumed that excitatory and inhibitory gradients interact,

Accepted Answer

A)  magnifying the effect of both gradients. 
B)  opposing or reducing the effect of both gradients. 
C)  but that excitatory gradients are stronger and tend to cancel the effects of inhibitory gradients. 
D)  but that inhibitory gradients are stronger and tend to cancel the effects of excitatory gradients. 
A)  magnifying the effect of both gradients. 
B)  opposing or reducing the effect of both gradients. 
C)  but that excitatory gradients are stronger and tend to cancel the effects of inhibitory gradients. 
D)  but that inhibitory gradients are stronger and tend to cancel the effects of excitatory gradients.

Question 13

What is the difference between a beacon and a landmark.

Accepted Answer

A)  Landmarks are close to the goal, while beacons can be located anywhere. 
B)  A beacon is a cue that is close to the goal, while a landmark can be anywhere in relation to the goal. 
C)  Landmarks only provide information about direction, while beacons provide direction and distance information. 
D)  Beacons are used in relation to each other while landmarks are simply approached in a sequence. 
A)  Landmarks are close to the goal, while beacons can be located anywhere. 
B)  A beacon is a cue that is close to the goal, while a landmark can be anywhere in relation to the goal. 
C)  Landmarks only provide information about direction, while beacons provide direction and distance information. 
D)  Beacons are used in relation to each other while landmarks are simply approached in a sequence.

Question 14

After being trained to locate a platform in corner A of the rectangle in the figure below, different groups of rats were then trained to locate the platform when it was in either corner G or E of the kite shape. Explain what the results shown in the graph tell us about local versus geometric cues.

Accepted Answer

Rats found the platform more often when

Question 15

Which term does not belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Circadian rhythm 
B)  Peak procedure 
C)  Temporal bisection 
D)  Superposition 
A)  Circadian rhythm 
B)  Peak procedure 
C)  Temporal bisection 
D)  Superposition

Question 16

Pigeons are taught the concept of "shoe." Subjects that then respond to stimuli by associating laces, eyeholes, or heels with reinforcement would exemplify the _______ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar 
A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar

Question 17

Regardless of the length of the trip, 80% of all "Are we there yet?" questions come in the last 20% of the trip. This phenomenon reflects

Accepted Answer

A)  a temporal bisection. 
B)  the similarity between generalization gradients produced by time cues and other types of generalization gradients. 
C)  the scalar properties of time. 
D)  the fact that short time intervals are regulated by pacemakers and longer time intervals are regulated by biological clocks. 
A)  a temporal bisection. 
B)  the similarity between generalization gradients produced by time cues and other types of generalization gradients. 
C)  the scalar properties of time. 
D)  the fact that short time intervals are regulated by pacemakers and longer time intervals are regulated by biological clocks.

Question 18

Pigeons are taught the concept of "boat." Subjects that then respond to stimuli according to a typical or average boat image as the standard to which all new stimuli are compared would support the _______ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar 
A)  transfer 
B)  prototype 
C)  feature 
D)  exemplar

Question 19

On long car trips, children typically occupy themselves by playing games, fighting, singing, and fidgeting. Why might these behaviors be occurring?

Accepted Answer

A)  According to the Gibbon and Church model, they are pacemaker activities. 
B)  They are cues that activate a hypothetical switch that causes the pulses to collect in a working memory accumulator. 
C)  According to a behavioral theory of timing, they may be associated with other events that occur at the same time, such as passing a particular town or landmark. 
D)  According to the multiple-time scale model, they interfere with time perception. 
A)  According to the Gibbon and Church model, they are pacemaker activities. 
B)  They are cues that activate a hypothetical switch that causes the pulses to collect in a working memory accumulator. 
C)  According to a behavioral theory of timing, they may be associated with other events that occur at the same time, such as passing a particular town or landmark. 
D)  According to the multiple-time scale model, they interfere with time perception.

Question 20

In a matching-to-sample task, subjects must

Accepted Answer

A)  learn a conditional discrimination, select among the comparison stimuli, and respond to the one that matches the immediately preceding sample. 
B)  learn and complete a specific schedule requirement in the presence of a specific cue (i.e., the subject's behavior must match what is predicted by the stimulus sample). 
C)  select among novel comparison stimuli (red, purple, green) to find a stimulus that most closely matches the immediately preceding sample (orange). 
D)  use perceptual learning to determine which comparison stimulus to select after being presented with a sample. 
A)  learn a conditional discrimination, select among the comparison stimuli, and respond to the one that matches the immediately preceding sample. 
B)  learn and complete a specific schedule requirement in the presence of a specific cue (i.e., the subject's behavior must match what is predicted by the stimulus sample). 
C)  select among novel comparison stimuli (red, purple, green) to find a stimulus that most closely matches the immediately preceding sample (orange). 
D)  use perceptual learning to determine which comparison stimulus to select after being presented with a sample.

In what ways can stimulus control affect predators and prey?

Awareness of one's own mental state and the use of that information to guide behavior

Exemplar theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Which conclusion is supported by the figure below?

Perceptual learning refers to a situation in which

A geon is

Perceptual learning initially appears to contradict the assumptions of many conditioning theories because these theories predict that

On a four-category simultaneous discrimination experiment, pigeons demonstrated their categorical knowledge by pecking on

Which statement about factors that affect working memory is false?

Which mechanism has not been proposed as an explanation for perceptual learning?

Spence assumed that excitatory and inhibitory gradients interact,

What is the difference between a beacon and a landmark.

After being trained to locate a platform in corner A of the rectangle in the figure below, different groups of rats were then trained to locate the platform when it was in either corner G or E of the kite shape. Explain what the results shown in the graph tell us about local versus geometric cues.

Which term does not belong with the others?

Pigeons are taught the concept of "shoe." Subjects that then respond to stimuli by associating laces, eyeholes, or heels with reinforcement would exemplify the _______ theory.

Regardless of the length of the trip, 80% of all "Are we there yet?" questions come in the last 20% of the trip. This phenomenon reflects

Pigeons are taught the concept of "boat." Subjects that then respond to stimuli according to a typical or average boat image as the standard to which all new stimuli are compared would support the _______ theory.

On long car trips, children typically occupy themselves by playing games, fighting, singing, and fidgeting. Why might these behaviors be occurring?

In a matching-to-sample task, subjects must

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 8: How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

In what ways can stimulus control affect predators and prey?

Awareness of one's own mental state and the use of that information to guide behavior

Exemplar theory assumes that subjects learn a concept by

Which conclusion is supported by the figure below?

Perceptual learning refers to a situation in which

A geon is

Perceptual learning initially appears to contradict the assumptions of many conditioning theories because these theories predict that

On a four-category simultaneous discrimination experiment, pigeons demonstrated their categorical knowledge by pecking on

Which statement about factors that affect working memory is false?

Which mechanism has not been proposed as an explanation for perceptual learning?

Spence assumed that excitatory and inhibitory gradients interact,

What is the difference between a beacon and a landmark.

After being trained to locate a platform in corner A of the rectangle in the figure below, different groups of rats were then trained to locate the platform when it was in either corner G or E of the kite shape. Explain what the results shown in the graph tell us about local versus geometric cues.

Which term does not belong with the others?

Pigeons are taught the concept of "shoe." Subjects that then respond to stimuli by associating laces, eyeholes, or heels with reinforcement would exemplify the _______ theory.

Regardless of the length of the trip, 80% of all "Are we there yet?" questions come in the last 20% of the trip. This phenomenon reflects

Pigeons are taught the concept of "boat." Subjects that then respond to stimuli according to a typical or average boat image as the standard to which all new stimuli are compared would support the _______ theory.

On long car trips, children typically occupy themselves by playing games, fighting, singing, and fidgeting. Why might these behaviors be occurring?

In a matching-to-sample task, subjects must

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters