Question 1

Are traits primarily a function of the social environment or biological factors? Explain your answer and provide examples of traits to support your position.

Accepted Answer

Traits are primarily a function of both

Question 2

According to the textbook, clusters of related traits are sometimes called:

Accepted Answer

A)  power-traits 
B)  cluster-variables 
C)  super-traits 
D)  group-variables 
A)  power-traits 
B)  cluster-variables 
C)  super-traits 
D)  group-variables

Question 3

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to make an argument that low verbal IQ is linked to delinquency because it promotes a concern for immediate rewards?

Accepted Answer

A)  strain theorists 
B)  social learning theorists 
C)  control theorists 
D)  both strain and control theorists 
A)  strain theorists 
B)  social learning theorists 
C)  control theorists 
D)  both strain and control theorists

Question 4

The relationship between _________ and delinquency has not yet been explained away by "third variables."

Accepted Answer

A)  a low metabolism 
B)  a low resting heart rate 
C)  underarousal in the central nervous system 
D)  smoking 
A)  a low metabolism 
B)  a low resting heart rate 
C)  underarousal in the central nervous system 
D)  smoking

Question 5

Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual traits affect the social environment. 
B)  The social environment affects individual traits. 
C)  Individual traits and the social environment interact to affect crime. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  Individual traits affect the social environment. 
B)  The social environment affects individual traits. 
C)  Individual traits and the social environment interact to affect crime. 
D)  all of the above

Question 6

List three types of biological harm that are linked to subsequent crime.

Accepted Answer

1. Neurological damage: Research has sho

Question 7

Given the ideas presented in Chapter 13, how should we respond to delinquency? Should juveniles with "super-traits" be more closely supervised than youth who do not demonstrate such traits? When responding to delinquent acts, should individual traits be considered? What is the responsibility of the individual who has traits conducive to delinquency when he or she engages in delinquent acts?

Accepted Answer

In responding to delinquency, it is impo

Question 8

Explain the effect of low verbal IQ on delinquency using the leading delinquency theories.

Accepted Answer

Low verbal IQ can have a significant imp

Question 9

Identify a "super-trait" and the more specific traits associated with the identified "super-trait." Write two questions for each specific trait that could be asked of juveniles (or their parents or teachers) to determine whether they are high or low in the "super-trait."

Accepted Answer

One example of a "super-trait" could be

Question 10

What are individual traits?

Accepted Answer

Individual traits refer to the distingui

Question 11

According to Agnew and Brezina, the effects of early family environment on traits conducive to crime:

Accepted Answer

A)  are less likely to develop when parents develop a strong emotional bond with their children 
B)  are almost entirely a function of genetic inheritance and/or biological harm 
C)  depend on the age and marital status of the parents 
D)  all of the above 
A)  are less likely to develop when parents develop a strong emotional bond with their children 
B)  are almost entirely a function of genetic inheritance and/or biological harm 
C)  depend on the age and marital status of the parents 
D)  all of the above

Question 12

Research suggests that genetic inheritance and biological harm result in a predisposition to crime because they may:

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce levels of serotonin 
B)  produce dysfunction in the frontal lobe of the brain 
C)  cause an underarousal of the autonomic nervous system 
D)  all of the above 
A)  reduce levels of serotonin 
B)  produce dysfunction in the frontal lobe of the brain 
C)  cause an underarousal of the autonomic nervous system 
D)  all of the above

Question 13

Explain the effect of "amoral beliefs" on delinquency using the leading delinquency theories.

Accepted Answer

The effect of "amoral beliefs" on delinq

Question 14

One biological factor that has been linked to delinquency in numerous studies is a low resting heart rate. Describe the association between a low resting heart rate and delinquency.

Accepted Answer

A low resting heart rate has been linked

Question 15

Irritability clearly relates best to which one of the following theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  strain theory 
B)  social learning theory 
C)  control theory 
D)  routine activities theory 
E)  labeling theory 
A)  strain theory 
B)  social learning theory 
C)  control theory 
D)  routine activities theory 
E)  labeling theory

Question 16

Explain how twin and adoption studies are used to study genetic effects on crime. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of these studies.

Accepted Answer

Twin and adoption studies are commonly u

Question 17

Which of the following characteristics are associated with individuals high in irritability?

Accepted Answer

A)  heightened sensitivity to stressors or strains 
B)  little concern for rights and feelings of others 
C)  tendency to attribute problems to malicious behavior of others 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  heightened sensitivity to stressors or strains 
B)  little concern for rights and feelings of others 
C)  tendency to attribute problems to malicious behavior of others 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Question 18

Indicate how a control theorist would explain the fact that individuals high in irritability are more likely to become delinquent.

Accepted Answer

A control theorist, within the context o

Question 19

Describe how environmental factors lead to traits conducive to delinquency.

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors can play a signifi

Question 20

Statements like "I almost always feel better when I am on the move than when I am sitting and thinking" and "When things get complicated, I tend to quit or withdraw" are used to measure:

Accepted Answer

A)  low verbal IQ 
B)  irritability 
C)  low self-control 
D)  sensitivity to stressors or strains 
E)  aggressive interactional style 
A)  low verbal IQ 
B)  irritability 
C)  low self-control 
D)  sensitivity to stressors or strains 
E)  aggressive interactional style

Exam 13: Individual Traits

Are traits primarily a function of the social environment or biological factors? Explain your answer and provide examples of traits to support your position.

According to the textbook, clusters of related traits are sometimes called:

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to make an argument that low verbal IQ is linked to delinquency because it promotes a concern for immediate rewards?

The relationship between _________ and delinquency has not yet been explained away by "third variables."

Which of the following statements is correct?

List three types of biological harm that are linked to subsequent crime.

Explain the effect of low verbal IQ on delinquency using the leading delinquency theories.

Identify a "super-trait" and the more specific traits associated with the identified "super-trait." Write two questions for each specific trait that could be asked of juveniles (or their parents or teachers) to determine whether they are high or low in the "super-trait."

What are individual traits?

According to Agnew and Brezina, the effects of early family environment on traits conducive to crime:

Research suggests that genetic inheritance and biological harm result in a predisposition to crime because they may:

Explain the effect of "amoral beliefs" on delinquency using the leading delinquency theories.

One biological factor that has been linked to delinquency in numerous studies is a low resting heart rate. Describe the association between a low resting heart rate and delinquency.

Irritability clearly relates best to which one of the following theories?

Explain how twin and adoption studies are used to study genetic effects on crime. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of these studies.

Which of the following characteristics are associated with individuals high in irritability?

Indicate how a control theorist would explain the fact that individuals high in irritability are more likely to become delinquent.

Describe how environmental factors lead to traits conducive to delinquency.

Statements like "I almost always feel better when I am on the move than when I am sitting and thinking" and "When things get complicated, I tend to quit or withdraw" are used to measure:

What Is Delinquency and How Does It Differ From Adult Crime

How Is Delinquency Measureding the Extent of Rape

How Much Delinquency Is There, and Is Delinquency Increasing

Who Is Most Likely to Engage in Delinquency

What Is a Theory and How Do We Test Theories

Strain Theory

Social Learning Theory

Control Theory

Labeling Theory

The Life Course

Is Delinquency More Likely in Certain Types of Situations

Group Differences in Delinquency

The Family

The School

Delinquent Peers and Gangs

Other Social Influences

Pulling It All Together

Policies and Programs

The Police

Juvenile Court and Corrections

The Juvenile Justice System

The Strategies of Deterrence and Incapacitation

The Strategies of Prevention and Rehabilitation

What Should We Do to Reduce Delinquency

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