Exam 6: Experimentation and Causal Research

Which of the following can be symbolized as: EG: R X O1 CG: R O₂ Where, X = the exposure of a group to an independent variable,treatment,event,the effects of which are to be determined O = the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units R = the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments CG = control group EG = experimental group

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called true experimental design.

According to the text,a(n)________ is the group exposed to the manipulated independent variable.

According to the text,factorial designs are the most common statistical designs.

In a short essay,define randomization and list and discuss the two types of true experimental design.

In an after-the-fact examination of a situation,we can confidently rule out all other causal factors.

Which of the following is NOT one of the broad categories of experimental designs?

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of coupon value on redemption.Personal interviews were conducted in New York with 280 shoppers who were entering a supermarket.These shoppers were given a coupon for one of four brands prior to entering the store.Two coupon values were used,one offering 15-cents off and the other 50-cents off.Shoppers were randomly assigned to these two coupon-value levels.Four brands - Tide detergent,Kellogg's corn flakes,Aim toothpaste,and Joy liquid dishwashing detergent - were used.These same shoppers were re-interviewed upon leaving the store and asked to report on any coupons used in the store.What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

All of the following are good examples of dependent variables EXCEPT ________.

Extraneous variables represent alternative explanations of experimental results.

The internal and external validity of field experiments conducted overseas is generally higher than in the United States.

The ________ is not exposed to the independent variable manipulation but provides a point of comparison when examining the effects of these manipulations on the dependent variable.

The random group is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.

The process of manipulating one or more independent variables and measuring their effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling for the extraneous variables is called an experiment.

In a Pepsi project the researcher is interested in examining the effect of humor and the effect of various levels of brand information on advertising effectiveness.Three levels of humor (no humor,some humor,and high humor)are to be examined.Likewise,brand information is to be manipulated at three levels (low,medium,and high).The resulting table would be three rows (levels of information)by three columns (levels of humor),producing nine possible combinations or cells.The respondents would be randomly assigned to one of the nine cells.Respondents in each cell would receive a specific treatment combination.After exposure to a treatment combination,measures would be obtained on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and the celebrity from respondents in each cell.To which category of design does this fall into?

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

________ implies that the occurrence of X increases the probability of the occurrence of Y.

________ are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

Individuals,organizations,or other entities whose response to independent variables or treatments is being studied are called test units.