Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Stimulus discrimination is the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear to a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

Your dog Milo has learned to salivate at the sight of a food dish. Now, you flash a bright light before you present the food dish. Explain the way that Milo will respond if higher-order conditioning occurs.

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, a little girl applies some to her own lips. The little sister acquired this behaviour through:

Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place. When this occurs, the conditioned stimulus is:

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

In both latent learning and social-cognitive learning, what is acquired is ________ rather than a specific response.

For Skinner, reinforcers are defined:

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called:

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting. Albert's reaction of fear when he heard the noise served as the ________ in their study.

Research supports the biological basis of fear conditioning and fear extinction.

Every week, Pearl spends her allowance on 500 grams of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Pearl notices a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Pearl notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the:

Which of the following is NOT one of the names for the procedure by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?

An ongoing, and emotional, debate centres around the question, "Does media violence make people behave more aggressively?" What have psychologists found when meta-analyses were performed on hundreds of experimental studies? What happens when children cut back on their time watching TV or playing video games? Why do some researchers say that the relationship between media violence and real violence is not strong enough to worry about? What conclusions about the correlation between media violence and violent behaviour have merit according to the social-cognitive view? How do these findings relate to the critical thinking guideline "Tolerate Uncertainty?"

During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to innate, species-specific behaviours is called:

In the process of shaping, behaviours are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviours are called:

According to John B. Watson, the founder of North American behaviourism, you learn to love another:

A behaviourist would agree that:

Ivan Pavlov won a Nobel Prize for his psychological work in the field of classical conditioning.