Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

In operant conditioning, ________ occurs when a reinforcer is removed.

An electric shock would be an example of a secondary punisher.

________ helps explain why Shannon thinks that she will shoot more baskets if she remembers to have her mom carry the small "basketball" figurine Shannon has had since childhood.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and then watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting. Then they offered a live white rat and struck the bar. Albert began to whimper, tremble, and fall over and cry. When the rat was later offered alone, Albert reacted with fear. The fear of the rat served as the ________ in their study.

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with Béarnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred, and ________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

In classical conditioning, when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, ________ occurs.

When a placebo is effective in reducing pain, then the placebo has become a conditioned stimulus.

A negative reinforcer makes a response more likely to reoccur.

An unconditioned response is a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Because of classical conditioning, medical treatment can create unexpected misery or relief from symptoms for reasons that are entirely unrelated to the treatment itself. Give an example that illustrates this statement.

A behaviourist is MOST likely to make which of the following statements:

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Spontaneous recovery occurs when a learned response reoccurs after its apparent extinction.

Quarters spilling from a slot machine would be secondary reinforcers.

At the end of the nineteenth century, G. Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger in which people reported episodes of anger that they had witnessed. One observation involved a three-year-old girl who paused right in the middle of a tantrum, during a period of what seemed to be uncontrollable sobs. She was upset because she had been kept home from a ride and wanted to know if her father was home. When told that he wasn't yet home, the girl resumed her tantrum. Why is this observation perfectly understandable based on the laws of learning?

The process of observational learning would explain how three-year-old Ryan knows how to lather up his own face after watching his dad shave earlier that day.

Match the contributions with the appropriate people. -cognition in classical conditioning

Researchers asked college students to look at slides of either beige pens or blue pens while either popular or unfamiliar music played in the background. Later, when allowed to choose a pen:

A conditioned stimulus is an event or a thing that elicits a response automatically or reflexively.

In order to modify someone's behaviour, one should: