Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

All principles of conditioning are limited by an animal's genetic dispositions and physical characteristics.

Study of the principles of classical conditioning reveals that:

In the "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

Match the descriptions with the appropriate type of reinforcement. -Use of a reinforcer that is inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

What is the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers?

For classical conditioning to be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should:

Humans are biologically primed to be especially susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears.

When Jonas was 16, Jonas's girlfriend drove a small, yellow convertible, and just the sight of it in the high school parking lot sent his heart racing with excitement. After they broke up, he thought of her with fond memories but his heart stopped racing at the sight of her car. Jonas is quite surprised, then, when he sees a similar car at college and his heart races and his pulse pounds! What principles of learning explain Jonas's reactions?

One of the first psychologists to recognize the real-life implications of classical conditioning was ________, who founded North American behaviourism.

B. F. Skinner maintained that we can study private, internal events by observing our own sensory responses, the verbal reports of others, and the conditions under which such events occur.

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is called an unconditioned response.

When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times, the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps. The footsteps acted as a/an:

Social-cognitive learning theory is the school of psychology that accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events, without references to mental events.

Match the examples with the appropriate type of reinforcement or punishment. -The new cough medicine Jim used was so effective in relieving his cough that he vowed to use it whenever he had a cough.

When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response, then stimulus generalization has occurred.

Media violence causes all viewers to become aggressive.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

When classical conditioning procedures are used with human subjects, it is just as easy to establish a conditioned fear of butterflies as it is to establish a conditioned fear of spiders.