Exam 1: Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

A systematic process for answering scientific questions is called a(n) ____________________ method.

Students who completed a study skills course raised their grade point averages.Can we conclude that the course caused their improvement?

A _____ is a small group that accurately reflects a larger population by including the same proportion of men, women, young, old, professionals, blue-collar workers, Republicans, Democrats, whites, African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, Asians, and so on as found in the population as a whole.

An observation that the hotter the air temperature in a classroom, the less attention students pay to the professor's lecture would be an example of a(n) ____________________ correlation.

A case study

Some research questions cannot be answered because of ethical or practical limitations.

A researcher determines that the crime rate in a large city is related to the phases of the moon.She concludes that the gravitational pull of the moon influences human behavior.She has committed what error?

Reactions against structuralism came from the behaviorist school of thought and the Gestalt school of thought.What were their differing reasons for rejecting structuralism and how would the behavioral and Gestalt schools of thought analyze human behavior? B.Watson objected strongly to the study of the "mind" or "conscious experience." He believed that the technique of introspection used by the structuralists was unscientific because there was no way to settle disagreements between observers.Watson chose to only study over behavior, which could be done objectively and measured precisely.The Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer believed it was a mistake to analyze psychological events into pieces, or elements as structuralists did.Like a melody, many experiences cannot be broken into smaller units as stated in the Gestalt psychology slogan, "The whole is more than the sum of its parts." Thus, the answer must include that both schools of thought rejected structuralism, but for different reasons.The behaviorists were not opposed to breaking aspects of behavior into smaller units, which they themselves did by breaking behavior into stimuli and responses.They just did not believe the analysis of covert behavior could be done objectively or scientifically, so only overt behavior was studied by the behaviorists.The Gestalt psychologists study covert behavior, like the structuralists, but rejected their idea of breaking the covert behavior into parts because they felt part of the mental event would be lost, since the whole event, like a melody, is more than the sum of its parts, or single notes.

Explain the similarities and differences in the training and practice of psychiatrists, counseling psychologists, and clinical psychologists.

Explain why humanistic psychology rejected the claims of the psychodynamic theories and behaviorism.

The clinical method is based on information gathered through surveys.

Astrology has repeatedly been shown to have no scientific validity.

In the ____________________ section of a research report, one can find the specific procedures used to gather data during a study.

The manager of a grocery store shows you and your friend a tabloid headline "Flu Shots Have Been Proven to Cause the Flu." The manager says, "Those folks are right because every time I have ever taken a flu shot , I've gotten the flu." Your friend says, "Well, that settles it.I'm not taking a flu shot." As a critical thinker, what would you tell your friend?

An educator who wants to explore all the different factors that might affect the motivation of a particular student would most likely use

A researcher found a relationship between the crime rate in a large city and the phases of the moon and incorrectly concluded that the gravitational pull of the moon caused this crime behavior.This researcher's error is due to his failure to distinguish between ____________________ and cause.

As a child grows in height from infancy to preschool, his or her vocabulary also increases.This is a positive correlation.Explain why this correlation does NOT show causation.

In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the scores on the memory test would be the _____ variable.

In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the THC in the marijuana would be the _____ variable.

In an experiment to determine whether the THC in marijuana impairs memory, the participants who ate food containing the THC were the