Question 1

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Explain how advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning in their advertisements, and explain why some stores carry imitations of nationally-known products and place them right beside the nationally-known brands.

Accepted Answer

Answer will include that higher order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is used to reinforce further learning, that is, a CS is used as if it were an unconditioned (natural) stimulus (US).Many advertisers use this effect by pairing images that evoke good feelings (such as people smiling and having fun) with pictures of their products.The advertisers hope that you will learn by association, to feel good when you see their products.The concept of stimulus generalization explains why many stores carry imitations of nationally-known products.For many customers, positive attitudes that were formed through conditioning the real products tend to generalize to the cheaper knockoffs.

Question 3

Billy's parents punish him for smoking, but his parents smoke themselves.If Billy takes up smoking, he has been influenced by

Accepted Answer

A) modeling. 
B) paradoxical intention. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) positive reinforcement. 
A) modeling. 
B) paradoxical intention. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) positive reinforcement. A

Question 4

Most nights Ian comes home from work, turns on the TV, and eats a whole bag of cookies or chips.He then takes a shower and changes clothes.By supper time, he has lost his appetite.Ian realizes he is substituting junk food for supper.For instance, he could shower immediately when he gets home or avoid turning on the TV until after supper.Ian will be utilizing the strategy that involves

Accepted Answer

A) breaking up response chaining. 
B) cues and antecedents. 
C) alternate responses. 
D) extinction. 
A) breaking up response chaining. 
B) cues and antecedents. 
C) alternate responses. 
D) extinction.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the textbook recommends to apply punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) Be consistent in how and what you punish. 
B) Punish in public to cause embarrassment and increase the effectiveness of punishment. 
C) Use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior. 
D) Along with the punishment, it is best to also reward an alternate, desired response. 
A) Be consistent in how and what you punish. 
B) Punish in public to cause embarrassment and increase the effectiveness of punishment. 
C) Use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior. 
D) Along with the punishment, it is best to also reward an alternate, desired response.

Question 6

Concerning television's and video game's effects on aggression, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Television and video game violence has little effect on permanent behavior. 
B) Television and video game violence causes violent behavior. 
C) Television and video game violence can make aggression more likely. 
D) After watching television or playing a violent video game, only young children show an increase in aggression, not adolescents and adults. 
A) Television and video game violence has little effect on permanent behavior. 
B) Television and video game violence causes violent behavior. 
C) Television and video game violence can make aggression more likely. 
D) After watching television or playing a violent video game, only young children show an increase in aggression, not adolescents and adults.

Question 7

Jamal works for a department store that pays him $10 for every bicycle he assembles; thus, Jamal is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Kyle, a 12-year-old child, who is frequently punished by his father, often lies to his father about where he has been and often stays at a friend's house rather than going home.Kyle is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) place and latent learning. 
B) escape and latent learning. 
C) negative modeling and negative transfer. 
D) escape and avoidance learning. 
A) place and latent learning. 
B) escape and latent learning. 
C) negative modeling and negative transfer. 
D) escape and avoidance learning.

Question 9

Many skills are learned by what psychologist ____________________ calls observational learning, or modeling.
or

Accepted Answer

Albert Ban

Question 10

Violent video games tend to make aggressive behavior more likely because

Accepted Answer

A) repeated exposure to violence sensitizes individuals, making them more likely to react negatively to violence. 
B) practicing violence against other people, players may learn to be aggressive in real life. 
C) the games arouse an innate aggressive instinct. 
D) the games serve as a cathartic outlet for pent-up anger. 
A) repeated exposure to violence sensitizes individuals, making them more likely to react negatively to violence. 
B) practicing violence against other people, players may learn to be aggressive in real life. 
C) the games arouse an innate aggressive instinct. 
D) the games serve as a cathartic outlet for pent-up anger.

Question 11

Explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers, including how secondary reinforcers develop, and give two examples of each type of reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Answer will include the definitions of p

Question 12

Which of the following would make modeling of televised aggression by children more likely?

Accepted Answer

A) The child identifies and wants to be like the aggressive character. 
B) The child does not fully recognize that the characters and stories are fantasies. 
C) The child believes that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems. 
D) Any of these factors would make modeling more likely. 
A) The child identifies and wants to be like the aggressive character. 
B) The child does not fully recognize that the characters and stories are fantasies. 
C) The child believes that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems. 
D) Any of these factors would make modeling more likely.

Question 13

You are being paid for each 100 square feet of drywall you install.You are being paid on a ____________________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are being paid for each 100...

Question 14

One of the basic tools available to control simple learning is

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement. 
B) cognitive modeling. 
C) generalization. 
D) acquisition. 
A) reinforcement. 
B) cognitive modeling. 
C) generalization. 
D) acquisition.

Question 15

Mary wants to increase the amount of time that she studies each night for school.Which of the following should NOT be a part of her behavioral self-management plan?

Accepted Answer

A) a recorded baseline 
B) weekly goals and an ultimate goal 
C) daily reward and weekly reward for reaching goals 
D) daily punisher and weekly punisher for not meeting goals 
A) a recorded baseline 
B) weekly goals and an ultimate goal 
C) daily reward and weekly reward for reaching goals 
D) daily punisher and weekly punisher for not meeting goals

Question 16

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A relatively permanent change in behavior as...

Question 17

Learning by watching another's behavior and its consequences

Accepted Answer

A) is known as observation learning and is very similar to latent learning. 
B) occurs most readily when the individual being observed is admired or has high status. 
C) requires no direct reinforcement of the observer until the observer tries the behavior for the first time. 
D) involves all of these. 
A) is known as observation learning and is very similar to latent learning. 
B) occurs most readily when the individual being observed is admired or has high status. 
C) requires no direct reinforcement of the observer until the observer tries the behavior for the first time. 
D) involves all of these.

Question 18

_____ involves listing how much time you currently spend performing the specific activity or counting the number of desired or undesired responses you make each day.

Accepted Answer

A) Establishing goals 
B) Recording a baseline 
C) Choosing a target behavior 
D) Setting up reinforcers and punishers 
A) Establishing goals 
B) Recording a baseline 
C) Choosing a target behavior 
D) Setting up reinforcers and punishers

Question 19

Skills, such as dancing, tying your shoe, or playing a guitar, are most easily learned through

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) verbal instruction. 
C) modeling. 
D) instrumental learning. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) verbal instruction. 
C) modeling. 
D) instrumental learning.

Question 20

For punishment to be effective with children,

Accepted Answer

A) they must be punished on an intermittent schedule. 
B) one parent must be the punisher and the other the reinforcer. 
C) parents should be very clear about what they regard as misbehavior. 
D) it is important that the punishment not be too predictable, that is, if you gave three warnings last time, give only one warning this time. 
A) they must be punished on an intermittent schedule. 
B) one parent must be the punisher and the other the reinforcer. 
C) parents should be very clear about what they regard as misbehavior. 
D) it is important that the punishment not be too predictable, that is, if you gave three warnings last time, give only one warning this time.

Exam 7: Extension C: Conditioning and Learning

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the conditioned stimulus.

Explain how advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning in their advertisements, and explain why some stores carry imitations of nationally-known products and place them right beside the nationally-known brands.

Billy's parents punish him for smoking, but his parents smoke themselves.If Billy takes up smoking, he has been influenced by

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the textbook recommends to apply punishment?

Concerning television's and video game's effects on aggression, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Jamal works for a department store that pays him $10 for every bicycle he assembles; thus, Jamal is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Kyle, a 12-year-old child, who is frequently punished by his father, often lies to his father about where he has been and often stays at a friend's house rather than going home.Kyle is demonstrating

Many skills are learned by what psychologist ____________________ calls observational learning, or modeling. or

Violent video games tend to make aggressive behavior more likely because

Explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers, including how secondary reinforcers develop, and give two examples of each type of reinforcer.

Which of the following would make modeling of televised aggression by children more likely?

You are being paid for each 100 square feet of drywall you install.You are being paid on a ____________________ schedule of reinforcement.

One of the basic tools available to control simple learning is

Mary wants to increase the amount of time that she studies each night for school.Which of the following should NOT be a part of her behavioral self-management plan?

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of ____________________.

Learning by watching another's behavior and its consequences

_____ involves listing how much time you currently spend performing the specific activity or counting the number of desired or undesired responses you make each day.

Skills, such as dancing, tying your shoe, or playing a guitar, are most easily learned through

For punishment to be effective with children,

Introduction the Psychology

Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Extension B: Brain and Behavior

Extension C: Brain and Behavior

Extension A: Human Development

Extension B: Human Development

Extension C: Human Development

Extension D: Human Development

Extension A: Sensation and Reality

Extension B: Sensation and Reality

Extension A: Perceiving the World

Extension B: Perceiving the World

Extension A: States of Consciousness

Extension B: States of Consciousness

Extension C: States of Consciousness

Extension D: States of Consciousness

Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

Extension A: Memory

Extension B: Memory

Extension C: Memory

Extension A: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension D: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension A: Motivation and Emotion

Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Extension D: Motivation and Emotion

Extension A: Gender and Sexuality

Extension B: Gender and Sexuality

Extension C: Gender and Sexuality

Extension A: Personality

Extension B: Personality

Extension C: Personality

Extension D: Personality

Extension A: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension C: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension A: Psychological Disorders

Extension B: Psychological Disorders

Extension C: Psychological Disorders

Extension D: Psychological Disorders

Extension A: Therapies

Extension B: Therapies

Extension C: Therapies

Extension D: Therapies

Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension A: Applied Psychology

Extension B: Applied Psychology

Extension C: Applied Psychology

Appendix A: Behavioral Statistics