Exam 16: Regression Models for Nonlinear Relationships

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For the quadratic regression model For the quadratic regression model   = b<sub>0</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x + b<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup>, b<sub>1</sub> can be interpreted as the change in the predicted value of y when x increases by 1 unit. = b0 + b1x + b2x2, b1 can be interpreted as the change in the predicted value of y when x increases by 1 unit.

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It is believed that the sales volume of one-liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of a one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The following data have been collected for a certain sales region. It is believed that the sales volume of one-liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of a one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The following data have been collected for a certain sales region.   The linear model Pepsi Sales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Pepsi Price + β<sub>2</sub>Cola Price + ε and the log-log model ln(Pepsi Sales) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Pepsi Price) + β<sub>2</sub>ln(Cola Price) + ε have been estimated as follows:   Discuss the choice between the linear model and the log-log model. The linear model Pepsi Sales = β0 + β1Pepsi Price + β2Cola Price + ε and the log-log model ln(Pepsi Sales) = β0 + β1ln(Pepsi Price) + β2ln(Cola Price) + ε have been estimated as follows: It is believed that the sales volume of one-liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of a one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The following data have been collected for a certain sales region.   The linear model Pepsi Sales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Pepsi Price + β<sub>2</sub>Cola Price + ε and the log-log model ln(Pepsi Sales) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Pepsi Price) + β<sub>2</sub>ln(Cola Price) + ε have been estimated as follows:   Discuss the choice between the linear model and the log-log model. Discuss the choice between the linear model and the log-log model.

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Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age) and their credit card debt (Debt) expressed as a percentage of their annual income. Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results. Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age) and their credit card debt (Debt) expressed as a percentage of their annual income. Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results.   Suppose the restriction β<sub>3</sub> = 0 is imposed on the cubic regression model Debt = β<sub>0</sub>+ β<sub>1</sub>Age + β<sub>2</sub>Age<sup>2</sup><sup>+ β</sup><sub>3</sub>Age<sup>3</sup>+ ε. What regression equation is obtained under this restriction? Suppose the restriction β3 = 0 is imposed on the cubic regression model Debt = β0+ β1Age + β2Age2+ β3Age3+ ε. What regression equation is obtained under this restriction?

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Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age) and their credit card debt (Debt) expressed as a percentage of their annual income. Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results. Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age) and their credit card debt (Debt) expressed as a percentage of their annual income. Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results.   Using the quadratic regression equation, find the predicted maximum percentage debt. Using the quadratic regression equation, find the predicted maximum percentage debt.

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The regression model ln(y) = β0 + β1ln(x) + ε is called a log-log model.

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For the log-log model ln(y) = β0 + β1ln(x) + ε, β1 is the approximate percent change in E(y) when x increases by 1%.

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The following data show the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket. The following data show the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket.   For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models, Demand = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Price + β<sub>2</sub>Price<sup>2 </sup>+ β<sub>3</sub>Price<sup>3 </sup>+ ε and ln(Demand) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Price) + ε, the following regression results are available.   Assuming that the sample correlation coefficient between Demand and   = exp(26.3660 - 3.2577 ln(Price) + (0.2071)<sup>2</sup>/2) is 0.956, what is the predicted demand for a price of $250 found by the model with better fit? For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models, Demand = β0 + β1Price + β2Price2 + β3Price3 + ε and ln(Demand) = β0 + β1ln(Price) + ε, the following regression results are available. The following data show the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket.   For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models, Demand = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Price + β<sub>2</sub>Price<sup>2 </sup>+ β<sub>3</sub>Price<sup>3 </sup>+ ε and ln(Demand) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Price) + ε, the following regression results are available.   Assuming that the sample correlation coefficient between Demand and   = exp(26.3660 - 3.2577 ln(Price) + (0.2071)<sup>2</sup>/2) is 0.956, what is the predicted demand for a price of $250 found by the model with better fit? Assuming that the sample correlation coefficient between Demand and The following data show the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket.   For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models, Demand = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Price + β<sub>2</sub>Price<sup>2 </sup>+ β<sub>3</sub>Price<sup>3 </sup>+ ε and ln(Demand) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Price) + ε, the following regression results are available.   Assuming that the sample correlation coefficient between Demand and   = exp(26.3660 - 3.2577 ln(Price) + (0.2071)<sup>2</sup>/2) is 0.956, what is the predicted demand for a price of $250 found by the model with better fit? = exp(26.3660 - 3.2577 ln(Price) + (0.2071)2/2) is 0.956, what is the predicted demand for a price of $250 found by the model with better fit?

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In the model ln(y) = β0 + β1 ln(x) + ε, the coefficient β1 is the approximate ________.

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Typically, the sales volume declines with an increase of a product price. It has been observed, however, that for some luxury goods the sales volume may increase when the price increases. The following scatterplot illustrates this rather unusual relationship. Typically, the sales volume declines with an increase of a product price. It has been observed, however, that for some luxury goods the sales volume may increase when the price increases. The following scatterplot illustrates this rather unusual relationship.   Which of the following models is most likely to be chosen in order to describe the relationship between Price and Sales? Which of the following models is most likely to be chosen in order to describe the relationship between Price and Sales?

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The following data, with the corresponding Excel scatterplot, show the average growth rate of Weeping Higan cherry trees planted in Washington, DC. At the time of planting, the trees were one year old and were all six feet in height. The following data, with the corresponding Excel scatterplot, show the average growth rate of Weeping Higan cherry trees planted in Washington, DC. At the time of planting, the trees were one year old and were all six feet in height.     Which of the following is the predicted height of an eight-year-old cherry tree that was planted as a one-year-old and six-foot-tall tree? The following data, with the corresponding Excel scatterplot, show the average growth rate of Weeping Higan cherry trees planted in Washington, DC. At the time of planting, the trees were one year old and were all six feet in height.     Which of the following is the predicted height of an eight-year-old cherry tree that was planted as a one-year-old and six-foot-tall tree? Which of the following is the predicted height of an eight-year-old cherry tree that was planted as a one-year-old and six-foot-tall tree?

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It is believed that the sales volume of one-liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of a one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The following data have been collected for a certain sales region. It is believed that the sales volume of one-liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of a one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The following data have been collected for a certain sales region.   The linear model Pepsi Sales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Pepsi Price + β<sub>2</sub>Cola Price + ε and the log-log model ln(Pepsi Sales) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Pepsi Price) + β<sub>2</sub>ln(Cola Price) + ε have been estimated as follows:   For log-log model, interpret the estimated coefficient for ln(Cola Price). The linear model Pepsi Sales = β0 + β1Pepsi Price + β2Cola Price + ε and the log-log model ln(Pepsi Sales) = β0 + β1ln(Pepsi Price) + β2ln(Cola Price) + ε have been estimated as follows: It is believed that the sales volume of one-liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of a one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. The following data have been collected for a certain sales region.   The linear model Pepsi Sales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Pepsi Price + β<sub>2</sub>Cola Price + ε and the log-log model ln(Pepsi Sales) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Pepsi Price) + β<sub>2</sub>ln(Cola Price) + ε have been estimated as follows:   For log-log model, interpret the estimated coefficient for ln(Cola Price). For log-log model, interpret the estimated coefficient for ln(Cola Price).

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The following scatterplot shows productivity and number hired workers with a fitted quadratic regression model. The following scatterplot shows productivity and number hired workers with a fitted quadratic regression model.   For which value of Hires is the predicted Productivity maximized? Note: Do not round to the nearest integer. For which value of Hires is the predicted Productivity maximized? Note: Do not round to the nearest integer.

(Multiple Choice)
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Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age) and their credit card debt (Debt) expressed as a percentage of their annual income. Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results. Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age) and their credit card debt (Debt) expressed as a percentage of their annual income. Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results.   What is the percentage of variations in Debt explained by the regression model that provides the best fit? What is the percentage of variations in Debt explained by the regression model that provides the best fit?

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The log-log and exponential models, ln(x) = β0 + β1ln(x) + ε and ln(y) = β0 + β1x + ε, were fit given data on y and x, and the following table summarizes the regression results. Which of the two models provides a better fit? The log-log and exponential models, ln(x) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(x) + ε and ln(y) = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>x + ε, were fit given data on y and x, and the following table summarizes the regression results. Which of the two models provides a better fit?

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When not all variables are transformed with logarithms, the models are called ________ models.

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The following scatterplot shows productivity and number hired workers with a fitted quadratic regression model. The following scatterplot shows productivity and number hired workers with a fitted quadratic regression model.   Assuming that the number of hired workers must be an integer, what is the maximum productivity predicted by the model? Assuming that the number of hired workers must be an integer, what is the maximum productivity predicted by the model?

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The following scatterplot shows productivity and number hired workers with a fitted quadratic regression model. The following scatterplot shows productivity and number hired workers with a fitted quadratic regression model.   Assuming that the number of hired workers must be integer, how many workers should be hired to achieve the highest productivity according to the model? Assuming that the number of hired workers must be integer, how many workers should be hired to achieve the highest productivity according to the model?

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For the quadratic regression equation For the quadratic regression equation   = b<sub>0</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x + b<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup>, the optimum (maximum or minimum) value of   is ________. = b0 + b1x + b2x2, the optimum (maximum or minimum) value of For the quadratic regression equation   = b<sub>0</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x + b<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup>, the optimum (maximum or minimum) value of   is ________. is ________.

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