Exam 5: Learning Concepts to Improve Performance: Part A

Primary reinforcers always reinforce.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or observable behavior that results from practice or experience.

According to social learning theory,people use symbolizing to anticipate,plan,and guide their behaviors and actions.

In operant conditioning,a response is learned because it leads to an operation that makes sense.

In operant conditioning,a response is learned because it leads to a particular consequence.

Intermittent reinforcement can be divided into interval and ratio as well as fixed and variable schedules.

Continuous reinforcement can be subdivided into (1)interval and ratio schedules,and (2)fixed and variable schedules.

A primary reinforcer is an event that a person finds desirable or pleasing.

A kaizen is a suggestion that results in reinforcement of positive behaviors.

An unconditioned stimulus brings out an artificial response in the classical conditioning process.

Organizations in which punishment is widely used are likely to have low rates of turnover among employees.

Empowerment occurs when a person observes the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior.

According to the Self Competency: Coming to Work Today?,the managers make sure sick employees are looked after.This makes the employees feel valued,which ultimately cuts absences.

Photographers at a daily newspaper are used to receiving monthly awards for their pictures.When the newspaper switched to a digital system,many photographers had difficulty learning the new technology and continued to turn their pictures in to editors using the old system.Editors ignored photographers who sent in pictures using the old system.To encourage photographers to make the change,only pictures in the new digital system were eligible for the monthly awards.This is an example of management using punishment to increase desired behaviors.

The desired behavior must occur a specified number of times before it is reinforced in a fixed interval schedule.

The principle of contingent reinforcement states that the reinforcer will be most effective if administered immediately after the desired behavior has occurred.

In Teams Competency: Steelcase,Inc. ,a group of employees visits the manufacturer of new equipment to learn firsthand how to use it.They are encouraged to watch videotapes provided by the manufacturer for quality and service guidelines.

A reward entails giving the employee what he wants so he continues desirable behavior.

A manager uses a reward as a reinforcer.This reinforcer increases the frequency of a desirable behavior.

Intermittent reinforcement occurs when a reinforcer is delivered every occurrence of the desired behavior.