Question 1

Which organisms obtain heat primarily from the external environment?

Accepted Answer

A) endotherms 
B) ectotherms 
C) exotherms 
D) isotherms 
A) endotherms 
B) ectotherms 
C) exotherms 
D) isotherms

Question 2

Which term refers to physiological changes in ectotherms, known to occur when they get used to temperature rising in the summer?

Accepted Answer

A) estivation 
B) thermal acclimatization 
C) hypothermia 
D) hyperthermia 
A) estivation 
B) thermal acclimatization 
C) hypothermia 
D) hyperthermia

Question 3

Which of the following is/are used for osmoregulation and excretion in all but the simplest animals?

Accepted Answer

A) modifications of the respiratory and digestive systems 
B) the lining of the digestive tract 
C) the transport epithelium 
D) specialized blood vessels 
A) modifications of the respiratory and digestive systems 
B) the lining of the digestive tract 
C) the transport epithelium 
D) specialized blood vessels

Question 4

In mammals, where in the kidney should you expect to find cells with the highest concentration of osmolytes, such as sorbitol?

Accepted Answer

A) in the Bowman's capsule 
B) in the renal cortex 
C) in the renal medulla 
D) in the renal pelvis 
A) in the Bowman's capsule 
B) in the renal cortex 
C) in the renal medulla 
D) in the renal pelvis

Question 5

Suppose that a cell has a membrane that is permeable to water but NOT to Na+ or Cl- or any other solute. More NaCl exists outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the cell. Which of the following should occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Overall, the cell should lose water and take up Na+ and Cl-. 
B) Overall, the cell should take up water, Na+, and Cl-. 
C) Overall, the cell should take up water and lose Na+ and Cl-. 
D) Overall, the cell should take up water. 
A) Overall, the cell should lose water and take up Na+ and Cl-. 
B) Overall, the cell should take up water, Na+, and Cl-. 
C) Overall, the cell should take up water and lose Na+ and Cl-. 
D) Overall, the cell should take up water.

Question 6

Many birds, such as seagulls, rarely drink fresh water. What is the main way that such birds deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food?

Accepted Answer

A) by excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads 
B) by active transport of ions into the body through their feet 
C) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea 
D) by maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids 
A) by excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads 
B) by active transport of ions into the body through their feet 
C) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea 
D) by maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

Question 7

In mammals, which reaction to cold limits the amount of heat an animal loses to its surroundings?

Accepted Answer

A) shivering 
B) pressing hair shafts close to the body 
C) reducing blood flow to the skin 
D) going off to lie alone so that others do not take their heat 
A) shivering 
B) pressing hair shafts close to the body 
C) reducing blood flow to the skin 
D) going off to lie alone so that others do not take their heat

Question 8

Which process involves the flow of heat between two matters that are in direct contact?

Accepted Answer

A) conduction 
B) evaporation 
C) convection 
D) radiation 
A) conduction 
B) evaporation 
C) convection 
D) radiation

Question 9

What is the typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) about 225 mOsm/L 
B) about 300 mOsm/L 
C) about 1000 mOsm/L 
D) about 1500 mOsm/L 
A) about 225 mOsm/L 
B) about 300 mOsm/L 
C) about 1000 mOsm/L 
D) about 1500 mOsm/L

Question 10

In humans, what is brown adipose tissue used for?

Accepted Answer

A) for controlling blood pressure 
B) for digesting fats 
C) for nonshivering thermogenesis 
D) for cooling the body when it is exposed 
A) for controlling blood pressure 
B) for digesting fats 
C) for nonshivering thermogenesis 
D) for cooling the body when it is exposed

Question 11

What is the name of the tubules in true kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A) metanephridia 
B) protonephridia 
C) hepatic tubules 
D) nephrons 
A) metanephridia 
B) protonephridia 
C) hepatic tubules 
D) nephrons

Question 12

What is the main way that sharks and rays deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater?

Accepted Answer

A) by active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells 
B) by maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids 
C) by active transport of ions into the body through the gills 
D) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea 
A) by active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells 
B) by maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids 
C) by active transport of ions into the body through the gills 
D) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea

Question 13

What are aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

A) the exit channels for urine out of a nephron 
B) transport channels for water 
C) the entry points of filtrate into a nephron 
D) cells that are specialized for water transport 
A) the exit channels for urine out of a nephron 
B) transport channels for water 
C) the entry points of filtrate into a nephron 
D) cells that are specialized for water transport

Question 14

Which segment of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first?

Accepted Answer

A) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) the distal convoluted tubule 
C) the descending segment of the loop of Henle 
D) the Bowman's capsule 
A) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) the distal convoluted tubule 
C) the descending segment of the loop of Henle 
D) the Bowman's capsule

Question 15

In which part of the mammalian urinary system does filtrate undergo a dramatic decrease in osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

A) the descending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) the distal convoluted tubule 
C) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
D) the proximal convoluted tubule 
A) the descending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) the distal convoluted tubule 
C) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
D) the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 16

Which term refers to an extended period of torpor that an animal enters during the winter when the environment is too cold and food is too scarce?

Accepted Answer

A) hypothermia 
B) thermal acclimatization 
C) hibernation 
D) estivation 
A) hypothermia 
B) thermal acclimatization 
C) hibernation 
D) estivation

Question 17

Which term refers to an extended period of torpor that an animal enters during the summer when the environment is too hot and water is too scarce?

Accepted Answer

A) hyperthermia 
B) thermal acclimatization 
C) hibernation 
D) estivation 
A) hyperthermia 
B) thermal acclimatization 
C) hibernation 
D) estivation

Question 18

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than once.
-may start in the medulla and end in the cortex

Accepted Answer

A) ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) proximal convoluted tubule 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) descending segment of the loop of Henle 
E) distal convoluted tubule 
A) ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) proximal convoluted tubule 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) descending segment of the loop of Henle 
E) distal convoluted tubule

Question 19

Which of the following are typically osmoconformers?

Accepted Answer

A) marine teleost fishes 
B) freshwater invertebrates 
C) freshwater teleost fishes 
D) sharks 
A) marine teleost fishes 
B) freshwater invertebrates 
C) freshwater teleost fishes 
D) sharks

Question 20

In mammals, about 65% of the water from the filtrate gets reabsorbed. In which segment of the excretory tubule does this occur?

Accepted Answer

A) in the ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) in the Bowman's capsule 
C) in the proximal convoluted tubule 
D) in the distal convoluted tubule 
A) in the ascending segment of the loop of Henle 
B) in the Bowman's capsule 
C) in the proximal convoluted tubule 
D) in the distal convoluted tubule

Exam 50: Regulating the Internal Environment

Which organisms obtain heat primarily from the external environment?

Which term refers to physiological changes in ectotherms, known to occur when they get used to temperature rising in the summer?

Which of the following is/are used for osmoregulation and excretion in all but the simplest animals?

In mammals, where in the kidney should you expect to find cells with the highest concentration of osmolytes, such as sorbitol?

Suppose that a cell has a membrane that is permeable to water but NOT to Na+ or Cl- or any other solute. More NaCl exists outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the cell. Which of the following should occur?

Many birds, such as seagulls, rarely drink fresh water. What is the main way that such birds deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food?

In mammals, which reaction to cold limits the amount of heat an animal loses to its surroundings?

Which process involves the flow of heat between two matters that are in direct contact?

What is the typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals?

In humans, what is brown adipose tissue used for?

What is the name of the tubules in true kidneys?

What is the main way that sharks and rays deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater?

What are aquaporins?

Which segment of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first?

In which part of the mammalian urinary system does filtrate undergo a dramatic decrease in osmolarity?

Which term refers to an extended period of torpor that an animal enters during the winter when the environment is too cold and food is too scarce?

Which term refers to an extended period of torpor that an animal enters during the summer when the environment is too hot and water is too scarce?

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than once. -may start in the medulla and end in the cortex

Which of the following are typically osmoconformers?

In mammals, about 65% of the water from the filtrate gets reabsorbed. In which segment of the excretory tubule does this occur?

Light and Life

The Cell: an Overview

Defining Life and Its Origins

Energy and Enzymes

Cell Membranes and Signalling

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Cycles

Genetic Recombination

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Structure and Expression

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technologies

Genomes and Proteomes

Evolution: the Development of the Theory

Microevolution: Changes Within Populations

Species and Macroevolution

Understanding the History of Life on Earth

Humans and Evolution

Bacteria and Archaea

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Diversity of Animals 1: Sponges, Radiata, Platyhelminthes, and Protostomes

Diversity of Animals 2: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation of Biodiversity

Putting Selection to Work

Organization of the Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Transport in Animals: the Circulatory System

Reproduction in Animals

Animal Development

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Integration

Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

Animal Behaviour

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Defences Against Disease

Conservation and Evolutionary Physiology

Filters

Suppose that a cell has a membrane that is permeable to water but NOT to Na⁺ or Cl- or any other solute. More NaCl exists outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the cell. Which of the following should occur?