Question 1

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  anabolic reactions 
B)  hydrolysis 
C)  diffusion 
D)  digestion 
E)  catabolic reactions 
A)  anabolic reactions 
B)  hydrolysis 
C)  diffusion 
D)  digestion 
E)  catabolic reactions

Question 2

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 
B)  The entropy of the universe is decreasing. 
C)  The entropy of the universe is constant. 
D)  Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. 
A)  Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 
B)  The entropy of the universe is decreasing. 
C)  The entropy of the universe is constant. 
D)  Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

Question 3

Increasing the enzyme concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  denaturation of the enzyme 
B)  allosteric inhibition 
C)  competitive inhibition 
D)  saturation of the enzyme activity 
A)  denaturation of the enzyme 
B)  allosteric inhibition 
C)  competitive inhibition 
D)  saturation of the enzyme activity

Question 4

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4.   Figure 6.4
-Which of the following represents the activation energy required for a noncatalyzed reaction in Figure 6.4?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e 
A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e

Question 5

Which of the following is an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  synthesis of ATP from ADP and ℗i 
B)  a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide 
C)  formation of a peptide bond 
D)  hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose monomers 
A)  synthesis of ATP from ADP and ℗i 
B)  a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide 
C)  formation of a peptide bond 
D)  hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose monomers

Question 6

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4.   Figure 6.4
-Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in Figure 6.4?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e 
A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e

Question 7

The active site of an enzyme is the region that

Accepted Answer

A)  binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme. 
B)  binds substrates for the enzyme. 
C)  binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme. 
D)  is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor. 
A)  binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme. 
B)  binds substrates for the enzyme. 
C)  binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme. 
D)  is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor.

Question 8

Which of the following reactions tend to require an input of energy?

Accepted Answer

A)  exergonic 
B)  dehydration 
C)  hydrolysis 
D)  catabolic 
A)  exergonic 
B)  dehydration 
C)  hydrolysis 
D)  catabolic

Question 9

Which of the following describes the critical role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  The terminal phosphate group of ATP is attached by a particularly strong covalent bond that releases extra energy when broken. 
B)  It is one of the four building blocks for RNA synthesis. 
C)  Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to drive exergonic reactions in the cell. 
D)  ATP serves as an energy shuttle in the cell, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions. 
A)  The terminal phosphate group of ATP is attached by a particularly strong covalent bond that releases extra energy when broken. 
B)  It is one of the four building blocks for RNA synthesis. 
C)  Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to drive exergonic reactions in the cell. 
D)  ATP serves as an energy shuttle in the cell, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Question 10

In addition to regulating enzymes with activators and inhibitors, cells also regulate enzyme activity by

Accepted Answer

A)  restricting enzymes to specific organelles or membranes. 
B)  limiting the availability of substrates. 
C)  covalently bonding enzymes into large aggregates. 
D)  secreting enzymes out of the cell. 
A)  restricting enzymes to specific organelles or membranes. 
B)  limiting the availability of substrates. 
C)  covalently bonding enzymes into large aggregates. 
D)  secreting enzymes out of the cell.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food. 
B)  Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism. 
C)  Metabolism specifically refers to the biochemical pathways involved in synthesis of macromolecules. 
D)  Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism. 
A)  Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food. 
B)  Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism. 
C)  Metabolism specifically refers to the biochemical pathways involved in synthesis of macromolecules. 
D)  Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

Question 12

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  denaturation of the enzyme 
B)  allosteric inhibition 
C)  competitive inhibition 
D)  saturation of the enzyme activity 
A)  denaturation of the enzyme 
B)  allosteric inhibition 
C)  competitive inhibition 
D)  saturation of the enzyme activity

Question 13

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time. 
B)  Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics. 
C)  As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth. 
D)  Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy. 
A)  Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time. 
B)  Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics. 
C)  As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth. 
D)  Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.

Question 14

A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP-powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they don't often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the muscle cell ATPase maintains intracellular calcium concentrations?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ATPase pumps calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR against the concentration gradient. 
B)  The ATPase pumps calcium from the cytosol into the SR against the concentration gradient. 
C)  The ATPase transfers ℗i to calcium ions so that they may diffuse into the SR. 
D)  The ATPase opens a calcium ion channel that allows calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR along the concentration gradient. 
A)  The ATPase pumps calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR against the concentration gradient. 
B)  The ATPase pumps calcium from the cytosol into the SR against the concentration gradient. 
C)  The ATPase transfers ℗i to calcium ions so that they may diffuse into the SR. 
D)  The ATPase opens a calcium ion channel that allows calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR along the concentration gradient.

Question 15

Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, which results in the production of ADP and inorganic phosphate. What is commonly the ultimate fate of inorganic phosphate produced in the cytosol?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is secreted as waste. 
B)  It is combined with ADP to regenerate ATP. 
C)  It is phosphorylated. 
D)  It is hydrolyzed to release additional energy. 
A)  It is secreted as waste. 
B)  It is combined with ADP to regenerate ATP. 
C)  It is phosphorylated. 
D)  It is hydrolyzed to release additional energy.

Question 16

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4.   Figure 6.4
-Which of the following represents the activation energy needed for the enzyme-catalyzed reverse reaction, C + D → A + B, in Figure 6.4?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e 
A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e

Question 17

Some of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV means that the virus rapidly acquires mutations with amino acid changes that make them resistant to these competitive inhibitors. Where in the reverse transcriptase enzyme would such amino acid changes most likely occur in drug-resistant viruses?

Accepted Answer

A)  in or near the active site 
B)  at an allosteric site 
C)  at a cofactor binding site 
D)  in regions of the enzyme that determine packaging into the virus capsid 
A)  in or near the active site 
B)  at an allosteric site 
C)  at a cofactor binding site 
D)  in regions of the enzyme that determine packaging into the virus capsid

Question 18

A catabolic pathway may be which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  a set of reactions that combine monomers into larger, more energy-rich polymers 
B)  a set of coupled reactions that are endergonic 
C)  a set of reactions that form covalent bonds between molecules to store free energy 
D)  a set of reactions that release energy that can be used to drive cellular work 
A)  a set of reactions that combine monomers into larger, more energy-rich polymers 
B)  a set of coupled reactions that are endergonic 
C)  a set of reactions that form covalent bonds between molecules to store free energy 
D)  a set of reactions that release energy that can be used to drive cellular work

Question 19

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4.   Figure 6.4
-Which of the following in Figure 6.4 would be the same in either an enzyme-catalyzed or a noncatalyzed reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e 
A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
E)  e

Question 20

The cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  catalysis. 
B)  metabolism. 
C)  anabolism. 
D)  dehydration. 
E)  catabolism. 
A)  catalysis. 
B)  metabolism. 
C)  anabolism. 
D)  dehydration. 
E)  catabolism.

Exam 6: An Introduction to Metabolism

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

Increasing the enzyme concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4. Figure 6.4 -Which of the following represents the activation energy required for a noncatalyzed reaction in Figure 6.4?

Which of the following is an exergonic reaction?

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4. Figure 6.4 -Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in Figure 6.4?

The active site of an enzyme is the region that

Which of the following reactions tend to require an input of energy?

Which of the following describes the critical role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?

In addition to regulating enzymes with activators and inhibitors, cells also regulate enzyme activity by

Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, which results in the production of ADP and inorganic phosphate. What is commonly the ultimate fate of inorganic phosphate produced in the cytosol?

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4. Figure 6.4 -Which of the following represents the activation energy needed for the enzyme-catalyzed reverse reaction, C + D → A + B, in Figure 6.4?

A catabolic pathway may be which of the following?

The following question(s) are based on the reaction A + B ↔ C + D shown in Figure 6.4. Figure 6.4 -Which of the following in Figure 6.4 would be the same in either an enzyme-catalyzed or a noncatalyzed reaction?

The cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is defined as

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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