Exam 26: The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Fairy rings are circles of fungi that often appear in open meadows and in forest areas. In the soil beneath the fungi is an ever-extending mycelium. As the mycelium spreads to seek out more food, it sometimes will produce the fungi we see above ground. The figure depicts the outline of a fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The ring represents the farthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. -Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?

Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include I. sporopollenin. II. lignin. III. chlorophyll a. IV. cellulose. V. chlorophyll b.

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus (a cone) at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. The student takes the dust back to the laboratory, where a microscope reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. -A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. Infected animals can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. Zoospores are spores of fungi (as well as some algae and protozoans) that use a flagella for swimming locomotion. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. -The chytrid sporangia reside within the amphibian epidermal cells. Consequently, which term(s) apply to Bd?

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land?

Which structure protects seed plants' embryos from desiccation?

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from microsporophylls (leaflike structures that contain microsporangia). Upon visiting megasporophylls (leaflike structures where megaspores are formed), the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. -Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? 1) They have exposed ovules. 2) They have flagellated sperm. 3) They are pollinated by animals.

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development or are incubated by one or both parents. -The internal fertilization that occurs in animals prior to shell deposition is analogous to which features of an angiosperm?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Ecologists often build models to depict the relationships between organisms. In such models, an arrow is used to link two organisms in a relationship. The arrowhead is next to the organism that is affected. If the effect is positive, the arrow is labeled with (+), and if negative, the label is (-). -Which of the following models best illustrates the relationship of the Brazil nut tree and the other organisms associated with it?

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1) pollen transported by wind 2) lignified xylem 3) microscopic gametophytes 4) endosperm

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they

The following question(s) refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number in a box refers to a biological process. -Meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number?

Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?

Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

What is true of the phylogenetic tree in the figure? 1) It depicts uncertainty about whether the bryophytes or the vascular plants evolved first. 2) It is hypothetical. 3) It shows that ferns are the closest living relatives to the seed plants. 4) It indicates that seeds are a shared ancestral character of all vascular plants.

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from microsporophylls (leaflike structures that contain microsporangia). Upon visiting megasporophylls (leaflike structures where megaspores are formed), the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. -On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what should be true?

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO₂ levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1) increasing dehydration of leaf tissues 2) decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues 3) countering the effect of declining CO₂ on photosynthesis 4) reinforcing the effect of declining CO₂ on photosynthesis 5) decreasing the O₂ content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be 6) increasing the O₂ content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be