Question 1

Which of the following genes map out the basic subdivisions along the anterior-posterior axis of the Drosophila embryo?

Accepted Answer

A)  homeotic genes 
B)  segmentation genes 
C)  egg-polarity genes 
D)  morphogens 
E)  inducers 
A)  homeotic genes 
B)  segmentation genes 
C)  egg-polarity genes 
D)  morphogens 
E)  inducers

Question 2

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

Accepted Answer

A)  use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe 
B)  replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow 
C)  separation of an early-stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe 
D)  fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate 
A)  use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe 
B)  replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow 
C)  separation of an early-stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe 
D)  fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate

Question 3

Your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane. He places all the parts on the table in approximately the positions in which they will be located when the model is complete. His actions are analogous to which process in development?

Accepted Answer

A)  morphogenesis 
B)  determination 
C)  induction 
D)  differentiation 
E)  pattern formation 
A)  morphogenesis 
B)  determination 
C)  induction 
D)  differentiation 
E)  pattern formation

Question 4

In colorectal cancer, several genes must be mutated in order to contribute to a cell developing into a cancer cell. Which of the following kinds of genes would you expect to be mutated?

Accepted Answer

A)  genes coding for enzymes that act in the colon 
B)  genes involved in control of the cell cycle 
C)  genes that are especially susceptible to mutation 
D)  the same genes that Knudsen identified as associated with retinoblastoma 
A)  genes coding for enzymes that act in the colon 
B)  genes involved in control of the cell cycle 
C)  genes that are especially susceptible to mutation 
D)  the same genes that Knudsen identified as associated with retinoblastoma

Question 5

Which of the following is most like the formation of twins?

Accepted Answer

A)  cell cloning 
B)  therapeutic cloning 
C)  use of adult stem cells 
D)  embryo transfer 
E)  organismal cloning 
A)  cell cloning 
B)  therapeutic cloning 
C)  use of adult stem cells 
D)  embryo transfer 
E)  organismal cloning

Question 6

Embryonic lethal mutations result in

Accepted Answer

A)  phenotypes that prevent fertilization. 
B)  failure to express maternal effect genes. 
C)  death during pupation. 
D)  phenotypes that are never born/hatched. 
A)  phenotypes that prevent fertilization. 
B)  failure to express maternal effect genes. 
C)  death during pupation. 
D)  phenotypes that are never born/hatched.

Question 7

A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following statements describes a likely finding of this research?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. 
B)  Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts. 
C)  The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. 
D)  The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes. 
A)  The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. 
B)  Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts. 
C)  The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. 
D)  The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes.

Question 8

Which of the following statements correctly describes tumor-suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells. 
B)  They are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses. 
C)  They can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion. 
D)  They often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle. 
A)  They are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells. 
B)  They are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses. 
C)  They can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion. 
D)  They often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.

Question 9

Pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila. Pax-6 is also found in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly, and the protein (PAX-6) leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. 
E)  PAX-6 from a mouse can function in a fly, but a fly's Pax-6 gene cannot function in a mouse. 
A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. 
E)  PAX-6 from a mouse can function in a fly, but a fly's Pax-6 gene cannot function in a mouse.

Question 10

Recent research has shown that adult cells can be induced to become pluripotent stem cells (iPS). In order to make this conversion, what is done to the adult cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  A retrovirus is used to introduce four master regulatory genes. 
B)  The adult stem cells are fused with embryonic cells. 
C)  Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells. 
D)  The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell. 
A)  A retrovirus is used to introduce four master regulatory genes. 
B)  The adult stem cells are fused with embryonic cells. 
C)  Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells. 
D)  The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell.

Question 11

Which of the following statements accurately describes one main characteristic of proto-oncogenes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their normal function is to suppress tumor growth. 
B)  They are produced by somatic mutations induced by carcinogenic substances. 
C)  They code for proteins associated with normal cell growth. 
D)  They are underexpressed in cancer cells. 
A)  Their normal function is to suppress tumor growth. 
B)  They are produced by somatic mutations induced by carcinogenic substances. 
C)  They code for proteins associated with normal cell growth. 
D)  They are underexpressed in cancer cells.

Question 12

Cell differentiation always involves

Accepted Answer

A)  the transcription of the myoD gene. 
B)  the movement of cells. 
C)  the production of tissue-specific proteins. 
D)  the selective loss of certain genes from the genome. 
A)  the transcription of the myoD gene. 
B)  the movement of cells. 
C)  the production of tissue-specific proteins. 
D)  the selective loss of certain genes from the genome.

Question 13

Let us suppose that someone is successful at producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for replacement of pancreatic insulin-producing cells for people with type 1 diabetes. Which of the following occurrences could still be problematic?

Accepted Answer

A)  the possibility that, once introduced into the patient, the iPS cells produce nonpancreatic cells 
B)  the success of the iPS cells taking up residence in the pancreas 
C)  the ability of the iPS cells to respond to appropriate regulatory signals 
D)  the possibility that, once introduced into the patient, the iPS cells produce only pancreatic cells 
A)  the possibility that, once introduced into the patient, the iPS cells produce nonpancreatic cells 
B)  the success of the iPS cells taking up residence in the pancreas 
C)  the ability of the iPS cells to respond to appropriate regulatory signals 
D)  the possibility that, once introduced into the patient, the iPS cells produce only pancreatic cells

Question 14

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation. 
B)  Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns. 
C)  Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation. 
D)  X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns in each individual. 
A)  The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation. 
B)  Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns. 
C)  Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation. 
D)  X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns in each individual.

Exam 16: Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Which of the following genes map out the basic subdivisions along the anterior-posterior axis of the Drosophila embryo?

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

Your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane. He places all the parts on the table in approximately the positions in which they will be located when the model is complete. His actions are analogous to which process in development?

In colorectal cancer, several genes must be mutated in order to contribute to a cell developing into a cancer cell. Which of the following kinds of genes would you expect to be mutated?

Which of the following is most like the formation of twins?

Embryonic lethal mutations result in

A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following statements describes a likely finding of this research?

Which of the following statements correctly describes tumor-suppressor genes?

Pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila. Pax-6 is also found in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly, and the protein (PAX-6) leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of the following?

Recent research has shown that adult cells can be induced to become pluripotent stem cells (iPS). In order to make this conversion, what is done to the adult cells?

Which of the following statements accurately describes one main characteristic of proto-oncogenes?

Cell differentiation always involves

Let us suppose that someone is successful at producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for replacement of pancreatic insulin-producing cells for people with type 1 diabetes. Which of the following occurrences could still be problematic?

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

Filters