Question 1

Which one of the following is NOT a component of an animal cell's plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) protein 
B) lipid 
C) nucleic acid 
D) carbohydrate 
A) protein 
B) lipid 
C) nucleic acid 
D) carbohydrate

Question 2

Some individuals with defective mitochondria in their muscles are extremely limited in their ability to exercise. Muscle biopsy, followed by microscopic examination of the mitochondria, reveal that the mitochondria are of normal size, but their inner membranes are not as convoluted as normal mitochondria. How can this mitochondrial defect cause the described symptoms in these individuals?

Accepted Answer

A) It can't. There must be something wrong with another part of the muscle cells. 
B) A less convoluted membrane is more permeable, so ATP cannot be synthesized efficiently. 
C) A less convoluted inner membrane has less surface area available to create the proton electrochemical gradient needed for ATP production. 
D) The less convoluted inner membrane causes the two membranes of a mitochondrion to adhere together, decreasing the organelle's effectiveness. 
E) There is not enough information to determine the cause. 
A) It can't. There must be something wrong with another part of the muscle cells. 
B) A less convoluted membrane is more permeable, so ATP cannot be synthesized efficiently. 
C) A less convoluted inner membrane has less surface area available to create the proton electrochemical gradient needed for ATP production. 
D) The less convoluted inner membrane causes the two membranes of a mitochondrion to adhere together, decreasing the organelle's effectiveness. 
E) There is not enough information to determine the cause.

Question 3

You notice in your experimental system that a particular protein is no longer entering the nucleus. What could have happened?

Accepted Answer

A) The signal sequence might be mutated. 
B) The chaperone protein might have taken it to a different location. 
C) The solute concentration might be higher inside the nucleus. 
D) None of the other answer options is correct. 
A) The signal sequence might be mutated. 
B) The chaperone protein might have taken it to a different location. 
C) The solute concentration might be higher inside the nucleus. 
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

Question 4

A medical researcher is trying to determine if one of her patients is a long-lost descendant of Cleopatra. How could mitochondria help in the doctor's efforts?

Accepted Answer

A) The doctor can compare the nuclear DNA of her patient to the mitochondrial DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
B) The doctor can compare the mitochondrial DNA of her patient to the nuclear DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
C) The doctor can compare mitochondrial DNA from her patient and known Cleopatra descendants. 
D) The doctor can compare the nuclear DNA of her patient's mitochondria to the nuclear DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
E) The doctor can compare the nuclear DNA of her patient to the mitochondrial DNA of known Cleopatra descendants and the mitochondrial DNA of her patient to the nuclear DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
A) The doctor can compare the nuclear DNA of her patient to the mitochondrial DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
B) The doctor can compare the mitochondrial DNA of her patient to the nuclear DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
C) The doctor can compare mitochondrial DNA from her patient and known Cleopatra descendants. 
D) The doctor can compare the nuclear DNA of her patient's mitochondria to the nuclear DNA of known Cleopatra descendants. 
E) The doctor can compare the nuclear DNA of her patient to the mitochondrial DNA of known Cleopatra descendants and the mitochondrial DNA of her patient to the nuclear DNA of known Cleopatra descendants.

Question 5

With which of the following is a signal-recognition particle (SRP) capable of interacting?

Accepted Answer

A) an SRP receptor 
B) a ribosome 
C) a signal sequence in a protein destined for the ER 
A) an SRP receptor 
B) a ribosome 
C) a signal sequence in a protein destined for the ER

Question 6

The first cells were surrounded by a membrane composed largely of lipids synthesized by intracellular proteins.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the MOST obvious effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Translation would not be completed for most proteins. 
B) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain partially formed and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. 
C) Proteins destined for the nucleus would remain in the cytosol. 
D) No proteins would arrive at their proper destinations within the cell. 
E) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain in the cytosol. 
A) Translation would not be completed for most proteins. 
B) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain partially formed and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. 
C) Proteins destined for the nucleus would remain in the cytosol. 
D) No proteins would arrive at their proper destinations within the cell. 
E) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain in the cytosol.

Question 8

Which of the following lipid composition options has the LEAST membrane fluidity?

Accepted Answer

A) phospholipids with long-chain, saturated fatty acids 
B) phospholipids with long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids 
C) phospholipids with short-chain, saturated fatty acids 
D) phospholipids with short-chain, unsaturated fatty acids 
A) phospholipids with long-chain, saturated fatty acids 
B) phospholipids with long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids 
C) phospholipids with short-chain, saturated fatty acids 
D) phospholipids with short-chain, unsaturated fatty acids

Question 9

Which component of a phospholipid is found in the interior of a lipid bilayer?

Accepted Answer

A) glycerol 
B) fatty acids 
C) phosphate group 
A) glycerol 
B) fatty acids 
C) phosphate group

Question 10

During the translation of mRNA molecules, the new polypeptides are often directed to specific parts of the cell by the presence or absence of short sequences of amino acids called signal peptides. Which of the following would you expect to find in the polypeptide that will eventually fold to become an ion channel protein?

Accepted Answer

A) no signal peptide 
B) an amino terminal signal peptide 
C) an internal signal peptide 
D) a signal anchor peptide 
A) no signal peptide 
B) an amino terminal signal peptide 
C) an internal signal peptide 
D) a signal anchor peptide

Question 11

Which one of the following is NOT considered part of the cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

A) the endoplasmic reticulum 
B) the nucleus 
C) the Golgi apparatus 
D) the cytoskeleton 
E) None of the answer options is correct. 
A) the endoplasmic reticulum 
B) the nucleus 
C) the Golgi apparatus 
D) the cytoskeleton 
E) None of the answer options is correct.

Question 12

Turgor pressure is the result of:

Accepted Answer

A) the activity of the contractile vacuole. 
B) water accumulation within a cell. 
C) the rigidity of the plasma membrane. 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) the activity of the contractile vacuole. 
B) water accumulation within a cell. 
C) the rigidity of the plasma membrane. 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 13

What is glycosylation?

Accepted Answer

A) the destruction of proteins in the lysosome 
B) the process of vesicle transport between the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus 
C) the addition of sugars to lipids or proteins 
D) the attachment of an SRP to the signal sequence 
A) the destruction of proteins in the lysosome 
B) the process of vesicle transport between the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus 
C) the addition of sugars to lipids or proteins 
D) the attachment of an SRP to the signal sequence

Question 14

The electrical component of an electrochemical gradient is due to:

Accepted Answer

A) the use of ATP as an energy source to drive primary transport. 
B) a greater concentration of positive charges on the side of the membrane with the lowest concentration of protons. 
C) a higher pH on the side of the membrane with the highest concentration of protons. 
D) a higher pH on the side of the membrane with the lowest concentration of protons. 
E) a greater concentration of positive charges on the side of the membrane with the highest concentration of protons. 
A) the use of ATP as an energy source to drive primary transport. 
B) a greater concentration of positive charges on the side of the membrane with the lowest concentration of protons. 
C) a higher pH on the side of the membrane with the highest concentration of protons. 
D) a higher pH on the side of the membrane with the lowest concentration of protons. 
E) a greater concentration of positive charges on the side of the membrane with the highest concentration of protons.

Question 15

Which one of the following is considered an integral membrane protein?

Accepted Answer

A) a protein with its N-terminus in the cytoplasm and its C-terminus in the extracellular space 
B) a protein attached to a transmembrane protein via hydrogen bonding 
C) a protein attached to a phospholipid via ionic bonding with the head group of the lipid molecule 
D) a protein capable of diffusing throughout the cytoplasm of a cell 
A) a protein with its N-terminus in the cytoplasm and its C-terminus in the extracellular space 
B) a protein attached to a transmembrane protein via hydrogen bonding 
C) a protein attached to a phospholipid via ionic bonding with the head group of the lipid molecule 
D) a protein capable of diffusing throughout the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 16

As you will learn in later chapters, many biological processes can be expressed as chemical reactions. Based on what you know regarding chloroplasts, which of the following MOST likely depicts the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

A) C6H12O6 (sugar)+ 6O2 (oxygen)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) 
B) C6H12 O6 (sugar)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water) 
C) C6H12O6 (sugar)+ 6O2 (oxygen)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water) 
D) 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 C6H12O6 (sugar)+ 6O2 (oxygen) 
E) 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6O2 (oxygen) 
A) C6H12O6 (sugar)+ 6O2 (oxygen)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) 
B) C6H12 O6 (sugar)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water) 
C) C6H12O6 (sugar)+ 6O2 (oxygen)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water) 
D) 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 C6H12O6 (sugar)+ 6O2 (oxygen) 
E) 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ 6H2O (water)F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 6O2 (oxygen)

Question 17

In response to seasonal changes in temperature, many organisms must alter the composition of their plasma membranes to maintain the proper degree of fluidity. As summer turns to fall and eventually into winter, which of the following would you predict you would observe in the plasma membranes of organisms that are unable to regulate their body temperature?

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and an increase in side chain saturation 
B) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and an increase in side chain saturation 
C) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation 
D) an increase in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation 
A) an increase in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and an increase in side chain saturation 
B) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and an increase in side chain saturation 
C) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation 
D) an increase in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation

Question 18

Which part of a cholesterol molecule is polar?

Accepted Answer

A) the OH group 
B) the four interconnected planar rings 
C) the hydrocarbon tail 
D) both the four interconnected planar rings and the hydrocarbon tail 
A) the OH group 
B) the four interconnected planar rings 
C) the hydrocarbon tail 
D) both the four interconnected planar rings and the hydrocarbon tail

Question 19

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) a symporter. 
B) passive transport. 
C) an antiporter. 
D) channel-mediated diffusion. 
E) None of the answer options is correct. 
A) a symporter. 
B) passive transport. 
C) an antiporter. 
D) channel-mediated diffusion. 
E) None of the answer options is correct.

Question 20

In intestinal epithelial cells, a transport protein moves glucose into the cytoplasm against its concentration gradient at the same time that it transports Na+ into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes this cotransport of glucose and sodium?

Accepted Answer

A) Primary active transport by a symporter. 
B) Secondary active transport by an antiporter. 
C) Secondary active transport by a symporter. 
D) Primary active transport by an antiporter. 
A) Primary active transport by a symporter. 
B) Secondary active transport by an antiporter. 
C) Secondary active transport by a symporter. 
D) Primary active transport by an antiporter.

Exam 5: Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Which one of the following is NOT a component of an animal cell's plasma membrane?

You notice in your experimental system that a particular protein is no longer entering the nucleus. What could have happened?

A medical researcher is trying to determine if one of her patients is a long-lost descendant of Cleopatra. How could mitochondria help in the doctor's efforts?

With which of the following is a signal-recognition particle (SRP) capable of interacting?

The first cells were surrounded by a membrane composed largely of lipids synthesized by intracellular proteins.

If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the MOST obvious effect on the cell?

Which of the following lipid composition options has the LEAST membrane fluidity?

Which component of a phospholipid is found in the interior of a lipid bilayer?

Which one of the following is NOT considered part of the cytoplasm?

Turgor pressure is the result of:

What is glycosylation?

The electrical component of an electrochemical gradient is due to:

Which one of the following is considered an integral membrane protein?

As you will learn in later chapters, many biological processes can be expressed as chemical reactions. Based on what you know regarding chloroplasts, which of the following MOST likely depicts the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?

Which part of a cholesterol molecule is polar?

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of:

In intestinal epithelial cells, a transport protein moves glucose into the cytoplasm against its concentration gradient at the same time that it transports Na+ into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes this cotransport of glucose and sodium?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

In intestinal epithelial cells, a transport protein moves glucose into the cytoplasm against its concentration gradient at the same time that it transports Na⁺ into the cell down its electrochemical gradient. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes this cotransport of glucose and sodium?