Question 1

Fungi are more likely to "self-fertilize" because hyphal strands of the same individual are in close proximity to each other.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

If a special fungicide killed all of the glomeromycetes in an environment, but did not affect other types of fungi, which of the following would MOST likely occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Plant nutrient uptake from the soil would be reduced. 
B) Overall decomposition rates would be dramatically reduced. 
C) Mushrooms would be absent from the environment. 
D) Lichens would be absent from the environment. 
E) Aquatic habitats would completely lack fungi. 
A) Plant nutrient uptake from the soil would be reduced. 
B) Overall decomposition rates would be dramatically reduced. 
C) Mushrooms would be absent from the environment. 
D) Lichens would be absent from the environment. 
E) Aquatic habitats would completely lack fungi.

Question 3

Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of events in fungal sexual reproduction starting from when hyphae of two different mating types grow together?

Accepted Answer

A) plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
B) spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
C) spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
D) karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
E) heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spore production and dispersal 
A) plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
B) spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
C) spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
D) karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spore production and dispersal F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium 
E) heterokaryotic stage F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 zygote F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 meiosis F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 haploid mycelium F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spore production and dispersal

Question 4

The fungi are most closely related to:

Accepted Answer

A) haploid protists, which are organisms that also have haploid nuclei. 
B) arthropods, which are organisms that also produce chitin. 
C) plants, which are organisms that also grow in the ground. 
A) haploid protists, which are organisms that also have haploid nuclei. 
B) arthropods, which are organisms that also produce chitin. 
C) plants, which are organisms that also grow in the ground.

Question 5

Fungi are the most important decomposers of wood in the ecosystem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

If all of the fungi on Earth ceased to exist, what would happen to the local carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) Because fungi are photosynthetic, less CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere. 
B) Because fungi are decomposers, less CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere. 
C) Because fungi are photosynthetic, more CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere. 
D) Because fungi are decomposers, more CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere. 
A) Because fungi are photosynthetic, less CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere. 
B) Because fungi are decomposers, less CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere. 
C) Because fungi are photosynthetic, more CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere. 
D) Because fungi are decomposers, more CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere.

Question 7

Which plant-fungal symbionts exchange nutrients with their host plant MOST efficiently?

Accepted Answer

A) ectomycorrhizal symbionts 
B) endomycorrhizal symbionts 
C) endophytic symbionts 
A) ectomycorrhizal symbionts 
B) endomycorrhizal symbionts 
C) endophytic symbionts

Question 8

Crossing over during mitosis increases genetic diversity during:

Accepted Answer

A) parasexuality. 
B) asexual reproduction. 
C) sexual reproduction. 
D) asexual reproduction and parasexuality only. 
E) sexual reproduction and parasexuality only. 
A) parasexuality. 
B) asexual reproduction. 
C) sexual reproduction. 
D) asexual reproduction and parasexuality only. 
E) sexual reproduction and parasexuality only.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of spore production in fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) Protected by their outer coats, spores can travel through inhospitable environments. 
B) Spores can travel over long distances and encounter new food sources (ones that cannot be accessed by the mycelium of the parent fungi). 
C) Spores are often viable for long periods after their production, and they can be activated when environmental conditions are favorable. 
D) Because spores have a high rate of survival, fungi typically produce a small number of spores, thereby saving energy and resources. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) Protected by their outer coats, spores can travel through inhospitable environments. 
B) Spores can travel over long distances and encounter new food sources (ones that cannot be accessed by the mycelium of the parent fungi). 
C) Spores are often viable for long periods after their production, and they can be activated when environmental conditions are favorable. 
D) Because spores have a high rate of survival, fungi typically produce a small number of spores, thereby saving energy and resources. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

How is karyogamy different from plasmogamy?

Accepted Answer

A) Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei, whereas plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm. 
B) Karyogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm, whereas karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei. 
C) Karyogamy produces heterokaryotes, whereas plasmogamy produces zygotes. 
D) Karyogamy produces dikaryotic cells, whereas plasmogamy produces diploid cells. 
E) Karyogamy involves meiosis, whereas plasmogamy involves mitosis. 
A) Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei, whereas plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm. 
B) Karyogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm, whereas karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei. 
C) Karyogamy produces heterokaryotes, whereas plasmogamy produces zygotes. 
D) Karyogamy produces dikaryotic cells, whereas plasmogamy produces diploid cells. 
E) Karyogamy involves meiosis, whereas plasmogamy involves mitosis.

Question 11

Imagine that sexual reproduction could occur between hyphae that were the same mating type. How might this affect rates of evolution in fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) Rates of evolution would be lower because genetic variation would be lower. 
B) Rates of evolution would be higher because more novel genetic combinations are generated through sexual reproduction. 
C) Rates of evolution would stay the same because as long as sexual reproduction is occurring, it does not matter if it is between individuals of the same or different mating type. 
A) Rates of evolution would be lower because genetic variation would be lower. 
B) Rates of evolution would be higher because more novel genetic combinations are generated through sexual reproduction. 
C) Rates of evolution would stay the same because as long as sexual reproduction is occurring, it does not matter if it is between individuals of the same or different mating type.

Question 12

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the anatomy of a multicellular fungus?

Accepted Answer

A) Numerous hyphae make up a mycelium. 
B) Numerous mycelia make up a hypha. 
C) Numerous mycelia make up a fruiting body. 
D) Numerous fruiting bodies make up a mycelium. 
E) Numerous septa make up a hypha. 
A) Numerous hyphae make up a mycelium. 
B) Numerous mycelia make up a hypha. 
C) Numerous mycelia make up a fruiting body. 
D) Numerous fruiting bodies make up a mycelium. 
E) Numerous septa make up a hypha.

Question 13

How are asci and basidia similar?

Accepted Answer

A) Both are produced by glomeromycetes. 
B) Both are produced by chytrids. 
C) Both contain haploid (1n)spores. 
D) Both are contained within haploid (1n)fruiting bodies. 
A) Both are produced by glomeromycetes. 
B) Both are produced by chytrids. 
C) Both contain haploid (1n)spores. 
D) Both are contained within haploid (1n)fruiting bodies.

Question 14

What is the primary reason that fungi are important in the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes, storing carbon while they are alive, and contributing carbon back to the atmosphere when they die and decompose. 
B) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to decompose large amounts of dead/decaying material, thereby returning carbon to the atmosphere. 
C) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. They have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are able to fix more carbon through photosynthesis than other plants of comparable size. 
D) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to store more carbon (in the form of sugar)obtained through mycorrhizal associations than their symbiotic hosts. 
A) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes, storing carbon while they are alive, and contributing carbon back to the atmosphere when they die and decompose. 
B) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to decompose large amounts of dead/decaying material, thereby returning carbon to the atmosphere. 
C) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. They have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are able to fix more carbon through photosynthesis than other plants of comparable size. 
D) Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to store more carbon (in the form of sugar)obtained through mycorrhizal associations than their symbiotic hosts.

Question 15

Which of the following fungal structures aid in spore dispersal?

Accepted Answer

A) fruiting bodies 
B) septa 
C) mycelia 
D) pores 
E) hyphae 
A) fruiting bodies 
B) septa 
C) mycelia 
D) pores 
E) hyphae

Question 16

Parasexuality is unique among eukaryotes. Parasexuality provides the benefits of sexual reproduction, without going through which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) karyogamy 
B) meiosis 
C) plasmogamy 
D) recombination 
A) karyogamy 
B) meiosis 
C) plasmogamy 
D) recombination

Question 17

What methods do fungi employ to disperse their spores?

Accepted Answer

A) They can instruct plants to form "fake flowers," which attract pollinators that then disperse spores. 
B) They can produce pheromones similar to those of boars, which attract sows that disperse the spores. 
C) They can form fruiting bodies, which expel spores above "stagnant" air. 
D) They can highjack ants, creating "zombie ants" that die and are attached to leaves above the forest floor, enhancing the dispersal of spores released into the air. 
A) They can instruct plants to form "fake flowers," which attract pollinators that then disperse spores. 
B) They can produce pheromones similar to those of boars, which attract sows that disperse the spores. 
C) They can form fruiting bodies, which expel spores above "stagnant" air. 
D) They can highjack ants, creating "zombie ants" that die and are attached to leaves above the forest floor, enhancing the dispersal of spores released into the air.

Question 18

Saprophytic (something that lives on dead and decaying material) fungi are essential to life on Earth because they:

Accepted Answer

A) grow in mycorrhizal association with the roots of most plants, providing minerals to the plants. 
B) speed the recycling of nutrients. 
C) help to digest sap in phloem of dead and dying trees. 
D) recycle organic compounds into inorganic compounds. 
E) respire like plants taking in CO2 and decrease greenhouse gasses. 
A) grow in mycorrhizal association with the roots of most plants, providing minerals to the plants. 
B) speed the recycling of nutrients. 
C) help to digest sap in phloem of dead and dying trees. 
D) recycle organic compounds into inorganic compounds. 
E) respire like plants taking in CO2 and decrease greenhouse gasses.

Question 19

On a hike through the forest, you notice a circle of "mushrooms," each with a stalk, cap, and gills on the underside of the cap. If you dig into the soil below the ring, which of the following might you find?

Accepted Answer

A) a net of fungal mycelia 
B) remnants of a decaying tree 
C) low-nutrient soil 
D) moist soil 
A) a net of fungal mycelia 
B) remnants of a decaying tree 
C) low-nutrient soil 
D) moist soil

Question 20

The filaments that MOST fungi produce to absorb nutrients are called:

Accepted Answer

A) root hairs. 
B) ectomycorrhizae. 
C) hyphae. 
D) chitins. 
E) fruiting bodies. 
A) root hairs. 
B) ectomycorrhizae. 
C) hyphae. 
D) chitins. 
E) fruiting bodies.

Exam 34: Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Fungi are more likely to "self-fertilize" because hyphal strands of the same individual are in close proximity to each other.

If a special fungicide killed all of the glomeromycetes in an environment, but did not affect other types of fungi, which of the following would MOST likely occur?

Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of events in fungal sexual reproduction starting from when hyphae of two different mating types grow together?

The fungi are most closely related to:

Fungi are the most important decomposers of wood in the ecosystem.

If all of the fungi on Earth ceased to exist, what would happen to the local carbon cycle?

Which plant-fungal symbionts exchange nutrients with their host plant MOST efficiently?

Crossing over during mitosis increases genetic diversity during:

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of spore production in fungi?

How is karyogamy different from plasmogamy?

Imagine that sexual reproduction could occur between hyphae that were the same mating type. How might this affect rates of evolution in fungi?

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the anatomy of a multicellular fungus?

How are asci and basidia similar?

What is the primary reason that fungi are important in the carbon cycle?

Which of the following fungal structures aid in spore dispersal?

Parasexuality is unique among eukaryotes. Parasexuality provides the benefits of sexual reproduction, without going through which of the following?

What methods do fungi employ to disperse their spores?

Saprophytic (something that lives on dead and decaying material) fungi are essential to life on Earth because they:

On a hike through the forest, you notice a circle of "mushrooms," each with a stalk, cap, and gills on the underside of the cap. If you dig into the soil below the ring, which of the following might you find?

The filaments that MOST fungi produce to absorb nutrients are called:

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

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