Question 1

The majority of an individual fungus lives "in" its food source. What characteristics of the fungal growth form make this a necessity?

Accepted Answer

A) Fungi have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to dessication. 
B) Fungi have a low ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to dessication. 
C) Fungi require the stimulus of "pushing" through the substrate to stimulate growth. 
D) Fungi require more nutrients than other organisms, and large amounts of nutrients can only be acquired by living in a host. 
A) Fungi have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to dessication. 
B) Fungi have a low ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to dessication. 
C) Fungi require the stimulus of "pushing" through the substrate to stimulate growth. 
D) Fungi require more nutrients than other organisms, and large amounts of nutrients can only be acquired by living in a host.

Question 2

A researcher has been studying lichens in his hometown. Since he began his study, he has noticed several lichens dying in the vicinity of a new factory. What is MOST likely causing the decrease in lichen populations?

Accepted Answer

A) the diversion of water sources to the factory (i.e., lichens are drying out) 
B) an increase in air temperature, which is the result of CO2 emissions from the factory 
C) the blocking of sun by the factory (i.e., the lichens aren't getting enough sunlight) 
D) an increase in industrial pollutants in the area 
A) the diversion of water sources to the factory (i.e., lichens are drying out) 
B) an increase in air temperature, which is the result of CO2 emissions from the factory 
C) the blocking of sun by the factory (i.e., the lichens aren't getting enough sunlight) 
D) an increase in industrial pollutants in the area

Question 3

The network of branching filaments that form the main body of a multicellular fungus is the:

Accepted Answer

A) mycelium. 
B) hypha. 
C) fruiting body. 
D) spore. 
E) rhizoid. 
A) mycelium. 
B) hypha. 
C) fruiting body. 
D) spore. 
E) rhizoid.

Question 4

A scientist collects a spore from a new species of fungus and observes that this spore has a flagellum. What does the presence of a flagellum suggest about the lifestyle of this species?

Accepted Answer

A) It is aquatic. 
B) It is an endomycorrhizal fungus. 
C) It relies on insects for spore dispersal. 
D) It is unicellular. 
E) Its spores are produced asexually. 
A) It is aquatic. 
B) It is an endomycorrhizal fungus. 
C) It relies on insects for spore dispersal. 
D) It is unicellular. 
E) Its spores are produced asexually.

Question 5

Karyogamy and meiosis take place in elongated, saclike cells in which of the following groups of fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) ascomycetes 
B) basidiomycetes 
C) chytrids 
D) glomeromycetes 
E) zygomycetes 
A) ascomycetes 
B) basidiomycetes 
C) chytrids 
D) glomeromycetes 
E) zygomycetes

Question 6

In a parasexual fungal species, genetic diversity would be the result of:

Accepted Answer

A) meiotic recombination. 
B) mitotic recombination. 
C) recombination between different mating-type alleles. 
D) plasmogamy recombination. 
E) hyphae recombination. 
A) meiotic recombination. 
B) mitotic recombination. 
C) recombination between different mating-type alleles. 
D) plasmogamy recombination. 
E) hyphae recombination.

Question 7

Which of the following represents the CORRECT sequence of events in parasexual fungi that results in an increase in genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

A) plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss 
B) karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy 
C) chromosome loss F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over 
D) karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss 
E) plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy 
A) plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss 
B) karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy 
C) chromosome loss F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over 
D) karyogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss 
E) plasmogamy F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chromosome loss F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 mitotic crossing over F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 karyogamy

Question 8

Which of the following statements comparing fungal and animal nutrition is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A) Fungi digest and then absorb food, whereas animals ingest and then digest food. 
B) Fungi are autotrophs, whereas animals are heterotrophs. 
C) Fungi and animals both ingest their food before digestion. 
D) Fungi are unable to break down complex molecules, whereas animals can break down complex molecules. 
E) Fungi and animals both actively move through the environment in search of food. 
A) Fungi digest and then absorb food, whereas animals ingest and then digest food. 
B) Fungi are autotrophs, whereas animals are heterotrophs. 
C) Fungi and animals both ingest their food before digestion. 
D) Fungi are unable to break down complex molecules, whereas animals can break down complex molecules. 
E) Fungi and animals both actively move through the environment in search of food.

Question 9

How do fungi digest their food sources?

Accepted Answer

A) by engulfing food particles and digesting them in vacuoles 
B) by extending hyphae into a food source (e.g., an animal carcass) 
C) by secreting enzymes externally, directly into their surrounding environment 
D) by funneling food particles through septa, which break down larger molecules 
A) by engulfing food particles and digesting them in vacuoles 
B) by extending hyphae into a food source (e.g., an animal carcass) 
C) by secreting enzymes externally, directly into their surrounding environment 
D) by funneling food particles through septa, which break down larger molecules

Question 10

Which of the following statements about lichens is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A) Lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a plant. 
B) The partnership in a lichen is not species specific. 
C) Lichens can reproduce asexually. 
D) Lichens can extract nutrients from rocks or rainfall. 
E) Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution. 
A) Lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a plant. 
B) The partnership in a lichen is not species specific. 
C) Lichens can reproduce asexually. 
D) Lichens can extract nutrients from rocks or rainfall. 
E) Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution.

Question 11

Which of the following fungal groups is the cause of widespread mortality in amphibians?

Accepted Answer

A) chytrids 
B) zygomycetes 
C) glomeromycetes 
D) ascomycetes 
E) basidiomycetes 
A) chytrids 
B) zygomycetes 
C) glomeromycetes 
D) ascomycetes 
E) basidiomycetes

Question 12

The most recent common ancestor of animals and fungi was a multicellular aquatic organism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Toadstools (i.e., mushrooms with a central stalk and a cap with gills) are an example of which type of fungus?

Accepted Answer

A) basidiomycetes 
B) ascomycetes 
C) chytrids 
D) glomeromycetes 
E) zygomycetes 
A) basidiomycetes 
B) ascomycetes 
C) chytrids 
D) glomeromycetes 
E) zygomycetes

Question 14

Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of appearance of characters in fungal evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 complex multicellular fruiting bodies 
B) chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 complex multicellular fruiting bodies F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa 
C) hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 complex multicellular fruiting bodies F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa 
D) hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 multicellular fruiting bodies 
E) multicellular fruiting bodies F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chitinous cell walls 
A) chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 complex multicellular fruiting bodies 
B) chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 complex multicellular fruiting bodies F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa 
C) hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 complex multicellular fruiting bodies F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa 
D) hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chitinous cell walls F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 multicellular fruiting bodies 
E) multicellular fruiting bodies F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 regular septa F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hyphae F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 chitinous cell walls

Question 15

Which of the following statements about basidiomycetes and ascomycetes is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A) Basidiomycetes have a short heterokaryotic stage, whereas ascomycetes have a long heterokaryotic stage. 
B) Basidiomycetes produce spores in club-shaped cells, whereas ascomycetes produce spores in elongated, saclike cells. 
C) Basidiomycetes plug their septal pores, after damage, in a different way than ascomycetes. 
D) Basidiomycetes produce four spores from each basidium, whereas ascomycetes produce eight spores from each ascus. 
E) Basidiomycete fruiting bodies are composed entirely of dikaryotic hyphae, whereas ascomycete fruiting bodies are composed of a combination of haploid and dikaryotic hyphae. 
A) Basidiomycetes have a short heterokaryotic stage, whereas ascomycetes have a long heterokaryotic stage. 
B) Basidiomycetes produce spores in club-shaped cells, whereas ascomycetes produce spores in elongated, saclike cells. 
C) Basidiomycetes plug their septal pores, after damage, in a different way than ascomycetes. 
D) Basidiomycetes produce four spores from each basidium, whereas ascomycetes produce eight spores from each ascus. 
E) Basidiomycete fruiting bodies are composed entirely of dikaryotic hyphae, whereas ascomycete fruiting bodies are composed of a combination of haploid and dikaryotic hyphae.

Exam 34: Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

The majority of an individual fungus lives "in" its food source. What characteristics of the fungal growth form make this a necessity?

A researcher has been studying lichens in his hometown. Since he began his study, he has noticed several lichens dying in the vicinity of a new factory. What is MOST likely causing the decrease in lichen populations?

The network of branching filaments that form the main body of a multicellular fungus is the:

A scientist collects a spore from a new species of fungus and observes that this spore has a flagellum. What does the presence of a flagellum suggest about the lifestyle of this species?

Karyogamy and meiosis take place in elongated, saclike cells in which of the following groups of fungi?

In a parasexual fungal species, genetic diversity would be the result of:

Which of the following represents the CORRECT sequence of events in parasexual fungi that results in an increase in genetic diversity?

Which of the following statements comparing fungal and animal nutrition is CORRECT?

How do fungi digest their food sources?

Which of the following statements about lichens is INCORRECT?

Which of the following fungal groups is the cause of widespread mortality in amphibians?

The most recent common ancestor of animals and fungi was a multicellular aquatic organism.

Toadstools (i.e., mushrooms with a central stalk and a cap with gills) are an example of which type of fungus?

Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of appearance of characters in fungal evolution?

Which of the following statements about basidiomycetes and ascomycetes is INCORRECT?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

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