Question 1

Which of the following would be considered a fruiting body?

Accepted Answer

A) a portobello mushroom in the grocery store 
B) a toadstool in your backyard 
C) shiitake mushrooms growing on the trunk of a tree 
D) a truffle growing underground 
A) a portobello mushroom in the grocery store 
B) a toadstool in your backyard 
C) shiitake mushrooms growing on the trunk of a tree 
D) a truffle growing underground

Question 2

Fungi feed through extracellular digestion and then absorption. How would the rates of decomposition of detritus be altered if fungicide (something that kills fungi) were sprayed on the forest floor?

Accepted Answer

A) Decomposition rates would be lowered because fungi would be destroyed. 
B) Decomposition rates would be higher because bacteria would take over the role of decomposition, and they reproduce at faster rates than fungi. 
C) Decomposition rates would be the same because fungi don't have hyphae above ground, so they would not be destroyed. 
D) Decomposition rates would be lowered because fungi would choose to grow in an area without fungicide. 
A) Decomposition rates would be lowered because fungi would be destroyed. 
B) Decomposition rates would be higher because bacteria would take over the role of decomposition, and they reproduce at faster rates than fungi. 
C) Decomposition rates would be the same because fungi don't have hyphae above ground, so they would not be destroyed. 
D) Decomposition rates would be lowered because fungi would choose to grow in an area without fungicide.

Question 3

In many groups of fungi, karyogamy and plasmogamy are separated in time and space. One potential advantage of this arrangement is that:

Accepted Answer

A) mating and spore production can occur in different environments. 
B) a diploid nucleus can form immediately. 
C) spores can be produced by meiosis instead of mitosis. 
D) the fungus can easily switch between sexual and asexual reproduction. 
E) the mycelium can grow more rapidly. 
A) mating and spore production can occur in different environments. 
B) a diploid nucleus can form immediately. 
C) spores can be produced by meiosis instead of mitosis. 
D) the fungus can easily switch between sexual and asexual reproduction. 
E) the mycelium can grow more rapidly.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fungal pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A) endophytes 
B) smuts 
C) rusts 
D) athlete's foot 
E) vascular wilt fungus 
A) endophytes 
B) smuts 
C) rusts 
D) athlete's foot 
E) vascular wilt fungus

Question 5

Ug99 is a type of _____, and is a fungus (rust) that has decimated wheat crops across the globe.

Accepted Answer

A) ascomycete 
B) basidiomycete 
C) glomeromycete 
D) zygomycete 
E) chytrid 
A) ascomycete 
B) basidiomycete 
C) glomeromycete 
D) zygomycete 
E) chytrid

Question 6

Which of the following MOST accurately describes spore production in ascomycetes?

Accepted Answer

A) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight spores. 
B) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes mitosis followed by meiosis to produce eight spores. 
C) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes two rounds of mitosis to produce eight spores. 
D) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes mitosis to produce four spores. 
E) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce four spores. 
A) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight spores. 
B) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes mitosis followed by meiosis to produce eight spores. 
C) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes two rounds of mitosis to produce eight spores. 
D) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes mitosis to produce four spores. 
E) Within each ascus, the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce four spores.

Question 7

Consider the phylogeny (Fig. 34.15) below. Which type of data helped the MOST in constructing this tree?

Accepted Answer

A) fossils from the group glomeromycetes 
B) morphological characters associated with fruiting bodies 
C) chromosome number of the different species 
D) molecular sequence data 
E) presence or absence of a continuous dikaryotic life stage 
A) fossils from the group glomeromycetes 
B) morphological characters associated with fruiting bodies 
C) chromosome number of the different species 
D) molecular sequence data 
E) presence or absence of a continuous dikaryotic life stage

Question 8

The fungus that produces penicillin belongs to which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

A) ascomycetes 
B) basidiomycetes 
C) chytrids 
D) glomeromycetes 
E) zygomycetes 
A) ascomycetes 
B) basidiomycetes 
C) chytrids 
D) glomeromycetes 
E) zygomycetes

Question 9

Which of the following examples of basidiomycetes produce multicellular fruiting bodies?

Accepted Answer

A) mushrooms only 
B) smuts only 
C) rusts only 
D) smuts and mushrooms only 
E) rusts, smuts, and mushrooms 
A) mushrooms only 
B) smuts only 
C) rusts only 
D) smuts and mushrooms only 
E) rusts, smuts, and mushrooms

Question 10

Consider the figure below. The bars show changes in primary productivity with and without endomychorrhizal associations for a group of plants that diverged early in the history of terrestrial plants.   Which of the following statements supports the data shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A) Endomycorrhizal associations do not increase primary productivity in these plants. 
B) Endomycorrhizal associations increase primary productivity in these plants. 
C) Endomycorrhizal associations only help these plants at high CO2 concentrations. 
D) Endomycorrhizal associations only help these plants at low CO2 concentrations. 
A) Endomycorrhizal associations do not increase primary productivity in these plants. 
B) Endomycorrhizal associations increase primary productivity in these plants. 
C) Endomycorrhizal associations only help these plants at high CO2 concentrations. 
D) Endomycorrhizal associations only help these plants at low CO2 concentrations.

Question 11

Which of the arrows on the phylogeny indicates where the loss of flagella occurred?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 12

Consider the phylogeny (Fig. 34.15) below. The group Dikarya has more species than all other taxa on the tree combined. Using only the information conveyed by the labeled phylogeny below, indicate which one of the following statements is a plausible explanation as to why this is so. Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) The amount of available habitat is greater for members of the Dikarya. 
B) There hasn't been enough research done on the Chytrids, so there may be many more undescribed species. 
C) The evolution of hyphae allowed for rapid speciation of four of the five major groups of fungi. 
D) The Dikaryotic condition provides more genetic variation and opportunities for evolution of new species. 
E) Dikaryotic fungi may have lower rates of extinction than other groups of fungi. 
A) The amount of available habitat is greater for members of the Dikarya. 
B) There hasn't been enough research done on the Chytrids, so there may be many more undescribed species. 
C) The evolution of hyphae allowed for rapid speciation of four of the five major groups of fungi. 
D) The Dikaryotic condition provides more genetic variation and opportunities for evolution of new species. 
E) Dikaryotic fungi may have lower rates of extinction than other groups of fungi.

Question 13

How do the two species that make up a lichen benefit from their symbiotic association?

Accepted Answer

A) The fungi receive carbohydrates from the algae, while the algae receive nitrogen from the fungi. 
B) Both partners are able to grow on substrates on which each would not be able to grow on their own. 
C) The algae receive carbon as a result of the fungi's ability to degrade lignin and cellulose, while the fungi receive nitrogen from the algae. 
D) The fungi receive carbohydrates and, in some cases nitrogen, from the algae, while the algae gain a "home" that anchors them on the substrate. 
A) The fungi receive carbohydrates from the algae, while the algae receive nitrogen from the fungi. 
B) Both partners are able to grow on substrates on which each would not be able to grow on their own. 
C) The algae receive carbon as a result of the fungi's ability to degrade lignin and cellulose, while the fungi receive nitrogen from the algae. 
D) The fungi receive carbohydrates and, in some cases nitrogen, from the algae, while the algae gain a "home" that anchors them on the substrate.

Question 14

Which feature of fungi allows the production of large fruiting bodies?

Accepted Answer

A) the ability to produce hyphae 
B) the ability to grow by means of mitotic cell division 
C) turgor pressure in hyphae 
D) the presence of flagellated sperm 
A) the ability to produce hyphae 
B) the ability to grow by means of mitotic cell division 
C) turgor pressure in hyphae 
D) the presence of flagellated sperm

Question 15

Ascomycetes affect humans in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) ascomycete rusts damage wheat crops. 
B) ascomycetes are used to produce soy sauce. 
C) ascomycetes are used to produce penicillin. 
D) ascomycete yeasts are used to produce beer. 
E) ascomycetes cause athlete's foot. 
A) ascomycete rusts damage wheat crops. 
B) ascomycetes are used to produce soy sauce. 
C) ascomycetes are used to produce penicillin. 
D) ascomycete yeasts are used to produce beer. 
E) ascomycetes cause athlete's foot.

Question 16

The black spots seen on a moldy piece of bread are which part of a zygomycete?

Accepted Answer

A) the sporangia 
B) the hyphae 
C) the mycelium 
D) the rhizoids 
E) the zygotes 
A) the sporangia 
B) the hyphae 
C) the mycelium 
D) the rhizoids 
E) the zygotes

Question 17

How are the zygote and the dikaryotic stages of a fungal life cycle related?

Accepted Answer

A) The dikaryotic stage gives rise to the zygote through karyogamy. 
B) The dikaryotic stage and zygote stage are both diploid. 
C) The zygote stage gives rise to the dikaryotic stage through plasmogamy. 
D) The dikaryotic stage and zygote stage occur only in asexual life cycles. 
E) The zygote stage gives rise to the dikaryotic stage through meiosis. 
A) The dikaryotic stage gives rise to the zygote through karyogamy. 
B) The dikaryotic stage and zygote stage are both diploid. 
C) The zygote stage gives rise to the dikaryotic stage through plasmogamy. 
D) The dikaryotic stage and zygote stage occur only in asexual life cycles. 
E) The zygote stage gives rise to the dikaryotic stage through meiosis.

Question 18

A gardener applies a specific fungicide to her plot that kills all mycorrhizal fungi. Which of the graphs below depicts changes in the amount of phosphorus in the soil after application of the fungicide?

Accepted Answer

A) graph A 
B) graph B 
C) graph C 
A) graph A 
B) graph B 
C) graph C

Question 19

Imagine that fungal hyphae were as thick as a human hair. How might this increase in thickness affect the ecological role of fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) Their rates of decomposition of detritus would decrease because their ratio of surface area to volume would be decreased. 
B) Their rates of decomposition of detritus would increase because their ratio of surface area to volume would be increased. 
C) There would be no effect on the rates of decomposition of detritus. 
D) There would be no effect on the rates of decomposition of detritus because the fungi would still be heterotrophic. 
A) Their rates of decomposition of detritus would decrease because their ratio of surface area to volume would be decreased. 
B) Their rates of decomposition of detritus would increase because their ratio of surface area to volume would be increased. 
C) There would be no effect on the rates of decomposition of detritus. 
D) There would be no effect on the rates of decomposition of detritus because the fungi would still be heterotrophic.

Question 20

Aquatic fungi with flagellated spores belong to which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

A) chytrids 
B) zygomycetes 
C) glomeromycetes 
D) ascomycetes 
E) basidiomycetes 
A) chytrids 
B) zygomycetes 
C) glomeromycetes 
D) ascomycetes 
E) basidiomycetes

Exam 34: Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Which of the following would be considered a fruiting body?

Fungi feed through extracellular digestion and then absorption. How would the rates of decomposition of detritus be altered if fungicide (something that kills fungi) were sprayed on the forest floor?

In many groups of fungi, karyogamy and plasmogamy are separated in time and space. One potential advantage of this arrangement is that:

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fungal pathogen?

Ug99 is a type of _____, and is a fungus (rust) that has decimated wheat crops across the globe.

Which of the following MOST accurately describes spore production in ascomycetes?

Consider the phylogeny (Fig. 34.15) below. Which type of data helped the MOST in constructing this tree?

The fungus that produces penicillin belongs to which of the following groups?

Which of the following examples of basidiomycetes produce multicellular fruiting bodies?

Consider the figure below. The bars show changes in primary productivity with and without endomychorrhizal associations for a group of plants that diverged early in the history of terrestrial plants. Which of the following statements supports the data shown in the figure?

Which of the arrows on the phylogeny indicates where the loss of flagella occurred?

How do the two species that make up a lichen benefit from their symbiotic association?

Which feature of fungi allows the production of large fruiting bodies?

Ascomycetes affect humans in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

The black spots seen on a moldy piece of bread are which part of a zygomycete?

How are the zygote and the dikaryotic stages of a fungal life cycle related?

A gardener applies a specific fungicide to her plot that kills all mycorrhizal fungi. Which of the graphs below depicts changes in the amount of phosphorus in the soil after application of the fungicide?

Imagine that fungal hyphae were as thick as a human hair. How might this increase in thickness affect the ecological role of fungi?

Aquatic fungi with flagellated spores belong to which of the following groups?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters