Exam 20: Genes and Development

In almost all organisms that have been studied, the genes in Hox clusters:

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Drosophila development?

The membrane protein that binds a chemical signal is called the:

In the graph shown here, the dashed line shows the level of mRNA for a certain protein, Prot2, at various positions along the anterior-posterior axis of an insect embryo. The solid line represents the level of a regulatory protein that controls translation of the Prot2 mRNA. If the regulatory protein represses translation of the Prot2 mRNA, then which graph shows the expected level of protein Prot2 across the embryo?

In the graph shown here, the dashed line shows the level of mRNA for a certain protein, Prot5, at various positions along the anterior-posterior axis of an insect embryo. The solid line represents the level of a regulatory protein that controls translation of the Prot5 mRNA. If the regulatory protein represses translation of the Prot5 mRNA, then which graph shows the expected level of Prot5 across the embryo?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding eyes?

The finding that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) can be created by activation of a small number of genes implies that:

In human development, early divisions of the embryo are contained within the egg's outer membrane and thus upon each division, egg cytoplasm is partitioned into smaller and smaller cells which form the morula.

An individual that carries an exact copy of the nuclear genome of another individual following a successful nuclear transfer is called a:

The body of the human embryo develops from the _____ of the blastocyst.

In plants, meristem tissue that becomes committed to develop into flowers is called floral meristem. In Arabidopsis, floral meristem is organized into four concentric whorls of cells, each of which gives rise to a specific organ of the mature flower. The floral meristem is therefore analogous to what cells or tissues in animals?

Shown here are four ligands (M, H, K, and L) and their corresponding receptors along with four genes (S, T, U, and V) whose activity the receptor controls through signal transduction. The arrows indicate gene activation, the T-bars indicate gene repression. Which ligand acts as a signal resulting in both genes U and V being inactive?

The Pax6 gene is evolutionarily conserved among fruit flies, mice, humans, and other organisms. This gene has a similar sequence in all of these organisms, and performs a similar role in eye development (although the eyes of fruit flies and mammals are very different in structure).

A cis-regulatory element may _____ transcription.

Which of the following CORRECTLY matches a cell or group of cells with its ability to differentiate into different specialized cells?

The Bithorax mutation in Drosophila results in a pair of wings developing from what would normally develop as halters. Bithorax is an example of a _____ mutation.

Differentiation refers to the process by which:

What floral organs would develop in Arabidopsis flower whorls 1, 2, 3, and 4 (in that order) in a mutant in which activity C was expressed in all four whorls and A was expressed in none?

In fruit flies (Drosophila), an embryo during gastrulation:

The hierarchical control of development means that genes expressed at each stage control the expression of genes that act later.