Question 1

In Drosophila, bicoid and nanos are examples of:

Accepted Answer

A) genes whose products are needed in the oocyte. 
B) genes whose products are needed early in development. 
C) maternal-effect genes. 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) genes whose products are needed in the oocyte. 
B) genes whose products are needed early in development. 
C) maternal-effect genes. 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 2

If one isolated cells at random from an organism at different times in its development and measured developmental potential as the average number of distinct cell types that the cells could differentiate into, which of the curves shown here would MOST likely result?

Accepted Answer

A) curve M 
B) curve H 
C) curve K 
D) curve L 
E) curve Q 
A) curve M 
B) curve H 
C) curve K 
D) curve L 
E) curve Q

Question 3

Bicoid protein is a transcription factor that promotes transcription of the hunchback gene. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) translational control of gene expression during development. 
B) translational control of development. 
C) hierarchical control of gene regulation during development. 
D) maternal developmental effect. 
E) oocyte polarization. 
A) translational control of gene expression during development. 
B) translational control of development. 
C) hierarchical control of gene regulation during development. 
D) maternal developmental effect. 
E) oocyte polarization.

Question 4

In human development, the blastocyst, which is a hollow sphere of developing cells, implants in the uterine wall approximately 5 to 6 days after fertilization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What is the MOST logical explanation of the observation that so many organisms have a Pax6 gene?

Accepted Answer

A) All organisms must be able to see. 
B) All organisms want to see. 
C) All organisms with a Pax6 gene have a common ancestor. 
D) All organisms evolved a Pax6 gene. 
A) All organisms must be able to see. 
B) All organisms want to see. 
C) All organisms with a Pax6 gene have a common ancestor. 
D) All organisms evolved a Pax6 gene.

Question 6

Which of the three germ layers gives rise to epithelial cells, pigment cells of skin, and nerve cells in the brain?

Accepted Answer

A) ectoderm 
B) mesoderm 
C) endoderm 
A) ectoderm 
B) mesoderm 
C) endoderm

Question 7

Which statement about diversity in eye development is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Planaria have the simplest eyes, which are basically pit-shaped cells containing photoreceptors. 
B) Evolution of the spherical lens improved images as animals evolved. 
C) Both squids and vertebrates have single-lens eyes, but they are very different in their development, anatomy, and physiology. 
D) The percentage of living animals possessing true eyes that can produce an image is small. 
E) Compound eyes consist of hundreds of small lenses arranged on a convex surface. 
A) Planaria have the simplest eyes, which are basically pit-shaped cells containing photoreceptors. 
B) Evolution of the spherical lens improved images as animals evolved. 
C) Both squids and vertebrates have single-lens eyes, but they are very different in their development, anatomy, and physiology. 
D) The percentage of living animals possessing true eyes that can produce an image is small. 
E) Compound eyes consist of hundreds of small lenses arranged on a convex surface.

Question 8

During the development of the vulva in Caenorhabditis elegans, binding of _____ to its receptor initiates development of the cell into _____ cell.

Accepted Answer

A) EGF; a type 1 
B) EGF; a type 2 
C) Notch; a type 1 
D) Notch; a type 2 
E) EGF; an anchor 
A) EGF; a type 1 
B) EGF; a type 2 
C) Notch; a type 1 
D) Notch; a type 2 
E) EGF; an anchor

Question 9

In Drosophila, the Antennapedia mutation:

Accepted Answer

A) is a homeotic mutation. 
B) affects a Hox gene. 
C) results in flies with legs growing from their antennae. 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) is a homeotic mutation. 
B) affects a Hox gene. 
C) results in flies with legs growing from their antennae. 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

A researcher isolates stem cells from a developing embryo and finds that they are able to differentiate only into bone cells or red blood cells. The isolated stem cells are likely from the:

Accepted Answer

A) morula. 
B) gastrula. 
C) ectoderm. 
D) mesoderm. 
E) endoderm. 
A) morula. 
B) gastrula. 
C) ectoderm. 
D) mesoderm. 
E) endoderm.

Question 11

Which of the following is the diffusible extracellular element in the process of vulval cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A) the EGF ligand 
B) the EGF receptor 
C) the Notch ligand 
D) the Notch receptor 
A) the EGF ligand 
B) the EGF receptor 
C) the Notch ligand 
D) the Notch receptor

Question 12

If you were collecting fish and found that some had extra eyes, which of the genes listed below would you suspect to be the cause of abnormality?

Accepted Answer

A) Pax6 
B) antennapedia 
C) bithorax 
D) bicoid 
E) nanos 
A) Pax6 
B) antennapedia 
C) bithorax 
D) bicoid 
E) nanos

Question 13

The fertilized egg is totipotent, whereas the cells from the inner cell mass, called embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent. Only the embryonic stem cells can give rise to the entire organism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Mutant expression of the Bithorax complex of homeotic genes could lead to a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) extra pair of wings. 
B) mutant lacking a posterior end. 
C) mutant lacking middle segments. 
D) mutant lacking an anterior end. 
A) extra pair of wings. 
B) mutant lacking a posterior end. 
C) mutant lacking middle segments. 
D) mutant lacking an anterior end.

Question 15

Review the ABC model for flower development in Arabidopsis shown below. Which of the following statements about the ABC model is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A) Activity A alone results in the formation of sepals. 
B) Activity A and B together result in the formation of petals. 
C) Activity B and C together result in the formation of stamens. 
D) Activity C alone results in the formation of carpels. 
E) Activity A and C occur together in carpels 
A) Activity A alone results in the formation of sepals. 
B) Activity A and B together result in the formation of petals. 
C) Activity B and C together result in the formation of stamens. 
D) Activity C alone results in the formation of carpels. 
E) Activity A and C occur together in carpels

Question 16

Consider Figure 20.25. Imagine that there is a mutation in the gene for the Notch receptor in the progenitor cell. How does mutation affect vulva development?

Accepted Answer

A) The progenitor cell will become a type 2 cell. 
B) The progenitor cell will remain a type 1 cell. 
C) The type 2 cell will differentiate into a type 1 cell. 
D) The EGF receptor cannot bind its ligand. 
A) The progenitor cell will become a type 2 cell. 
B) The progenitor cell will remain a type 1 cell. 
C) The type 2 cell will differentiate into a type 1 cell. 
D) The EGF receptor cannot bind its ligand.

Question 17

Which of the following graphs illustrates the relationship between the level of Nanos protein and the translation of hunchback mRNA in the Drosophila embryo?

Accepted Answer

A) graph A 
B) graph B 
C) graph C 
A) graph A 
B) graph B 
C) graph C

Question 18

The mRNA for caudal and hunchback are distributed evenly throughout the Drosophila embryo, yet the Caudal protein is found only in the posterior portion of the embryo and the Hunchback protein is present in greater amounts anteriorly. This distribution is due to:

Accepted Answer

A) transcriptional regulation of the hunchback and caudal genes in the zygote. 
B) translational regulation of the hunchback and caudal mRNAs in the zygote. 
C) transcriptional regulation of the nanos and bicoid genes in the zygote. 
A) transcriptional regulation of the hunchback and caudal genes in the zygote. 
B) translational regulation of the hunchback and caudal mRNAs in the zygote. 
C) transcriptional regulation of the nanos and bicoid genes in the zygote.

Question 19

In the graph shown here, the dashed line shows the level of mRNA for a certain protein, Prot3, at various positions along the anterior-posterior axis of an insect embryo. The solid line represents the level of a regulatory protein that controls translation of the Prot3 mRNA.

If the regulatory protein stimulates translation of the Prot3 mRNA, then which graph shows the expected level of protein Prot3 across the embryo?

Accepted Answer

A) graph M 
B) graph H 
C) graph K 
D) graph L 
E) graph Q 
A) graph M 
B) graph H 
C) graph K 
D) graph L 
E) graph Q

Question 20

Sox9 and Sox10 are both transcription factors involved in the later stages of the development of the peripheral nervous system. The expression of Sox9 and Sox10 is regulated by the products of another set of genes-Pax3 and Pax7. This interaction between Sox9, Sox10, Pax3, and Pax7 is an example of hierarchical control.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 20: Genes and Development

In Drosophila, bicoid and nanos are examples of:

If one isolated cells at random from an organism at different times in its development and measured developmental potential as the average number of distinct cell types that the cells could differentiate into, which of the curves shown here would MOST likely result?

Bicoid protein is a transcription factor that promotes transcription of the hunchback gene. This is an example of:

In human development, the blastocyst, which is a hollow sphere of developing cells, implants in the uterine wall approximately 5 to 6 days after fertilization.

What is the MOST logical explanation of the observation that so many organisms have a Pax6 gene?

Which of the three germ layers gives rise to epithelial cells, pigment cells of skin, and nerve cells in the brain?

Which statement about diversity in eye development is NOT correct?

During the development of the vulva in Caenorhabditis elegans, binding of _____ to its receptor initiates development of the cell into _____ cell.

In Drosophila, the Antennapedia mutation:

A researcher isolates stem cells from a developing embryo and finds that they are able to differentiate only into bone cells or red blood cells. The isolated stem cells are likely from the:

Which of the following is the diffusible extracellular element in the process of vulval cell differentiation?

If you were collecting fish and found that some had extra eyes, which of the genes listed below would you suspect to be the cause of abnormality?

The fertilized egg is totipotent, whereas the cells from the inner cell mass, called embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent. Only the embryonic stem cells can give rise to the entire organism.

Mutant expression of the Bithorax complex of homeotic genes could lead to a(n):

Review the ABC model for flower development in Arabidopsis shown below. Which of the following statements about the ABC model is INCORRECT?

Consider Figure 20.25. Imagine that there is a mutation in the gene for the Notch receptor in the progenitor cell. How does mutation affect vulva development?

Which of the following graphs illustrates the relationship between the level of Nanos protein and the translation of hunchback mRNA in the Drosophila embryo?

The mRNA for caudal and hunchback are distributed evenly throughout the Drosophila embryo, yet the Caudal protein is found only in the posterior portion of the embryo and the Hunchback protein is present in greater amounts anteriorly. This distribution is due to:

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

During the development of the vulva in Caenorhabditis elegans, binding of _ to its receptor initiates development of the cell into _ cell.