Question 1

An action potential does not re-stimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulation is inhibited by the myelin sheath. 
B)  it is impossible for an action potential to be propagated along an axon toward the nerve cell body. 
C)  the resting membrane potential of the axon is too positive. 
D)  the resting membrane potential of the axon is too negative. 
E)  that area of the membrane is in the absolutely refractory period. 
A)  stimulation is inhibited by the myelin sheath. 
B)  it is impossible for an action potential to be propagated along an axon toward the nerve cell body. 
C)  the resting membrane potential of the axon is too positive. 
D)  the resting membrane potential of the axon is too negative. 
E)  that area of the membrane is in the absolutely refractory period.

Question 2

The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and acetylcholine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Which is TRUE about the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

A)  It requires very few ions to be distributed unevenly. 
B)  It has the same value in all cells. 
C)  It is oriented so that the cell's interior is positive with respect to the extracellular fluid. 
D)  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest. 
E)  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions. 
A)  It requires very few ions to be distributed unevenly. 
B)  It has the same value in all cells. 
C)  It is oriented so that the cell's interior is positive with respect to the extracellular fluid. 
D)  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest. 
E)  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

Question 4

A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs - from neurons X, Y, and Z. Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are both excitatory. 
B)  They are both inhibitory. 
C)  Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory. 
D)  Z is excitatory and Y is inhibitory. 
A)  They are both excitatory. 
B)  They are both inhibitory. 
C)  Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory. 
D)  Z is excitatory and Y is inhibitory.

Question 5

At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons,

Accepted Answer

A)  there is increased permeability of the postsynaptic cell to both Na+ and K+. 
B)  a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs when the synapse is activated. 
C)  an action potential in the presynaptic neuron always causes an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. 
D)  excitation occurs because K+ enters the postsynaptic cell. 
E)  action potentials spread through gap junctions between cells. 
A)  there is increased permeability of the postsynaptic cell to both Na+ and K+. 
B)  a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs when the synapse is activated. 
C)  an action potential in the presynaptic neuron always causes an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. 
D)  excitation occurs because K+ enters the postsynaptic cell. 
E)  action potentials spread through gap junctions between cells.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about norepinephrine is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter. 
B)  Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors. 
C)  Norepinephrine is a catecholamine. 
D)  Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine. 
E)  Epinephrine is a precursor to norepinephrine. 
A)  Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter. 
B)  Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors. 
C)  Norepinephrine is a catecholamine. 
D)  Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine. 
E)  Epinephrine is a precursor to norepinephrine.

Question 7

Which is TRUE about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential?

Accepted Answer

A)  The electrical gradient is in a direction that would tend to move K+ out of the cell. 
B)  The concentration gradient for K+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. 
C)  The concentration gradient for K+ greatly increases compared to at rest. 
D)  The concentration gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it out of the cell. 
E)  The electrical gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. 
A)  The electrical gradient is in a direction that would tend to move K+ out of the cell. 
B)  The concentration gradient for K+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. 
C)  The concentration gradient for K+ greatly increases compared to at rest. 
D)  The concentration gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it out of the cell. 
E)  The electrical gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about acetylcholine is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. 
B)  Acetylcholine binds to adrenergic receptors. 
C)  Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase 
D)  Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 
E)  Acetylcholine is generally transported back into presynaptic nerve terminals without being enzymatically degraded. 
A)  Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. 
B)  Acetylcholine binds to adrenergic receptors. 
C)  Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase 
D)  Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 
E)  Acetylcholine is generally transported back into presynaptic nerve terminals without being enzymatically degraded.

Question 9

The action potential elicited by a supra-threshold stimulus is larger than one elicited by a threshold stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Serotonin:

Accepted Answer

A)  acts as a neuromodulator. 
B)  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter. 
C)  is a neuropeptide. 
D)  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles. 
E)  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations. 
A)  acts as a neuromodulator. 
B)  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter. 
C)  is a neuropeptide. 
D)  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles. 
E)  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

Question 11

The region of the brain that is the most important control area for homeostatic regulation of the internal environment is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the thalamus. 
B)  the hippocampus. 
C)  the cerebrum. 
D)  the cerebellum. 
E)  the hypothalamus. 
A)  the thalamus. 
B)  the hippocampus. 
C)  the cerebrum. 
D)  the cerebellum. 
E)  the hypothalamus.

Question 12

The relative refractory period of an excitable membrane refers to the period of time during which no stimulus, however strong, will elicit a second action potential in the membrane.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

"Dual innervation of effectors" refers to the innervation of the same effector organs by somatic and autonomic nerves.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true of glial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  They form the myelin for axons. 
B)  Neurons outnumber glial cells 10 to 1 in the nervous system. 
C)  They deliver fuel molecules to neurons and remove the waste products of metabolism. 
D)  They are important for the growth and development of the nervous system. 
E)  They regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS. 
A)  They form the myelin for axons. 
B)  Neurons outnumber glial cells 10 to 1 in the nervous system. 
C)  They deliver fuel molecules to neurons and remove the waste products of metabolism. 
D)  They are important for the growth and development of the nervous system. 
E)  They regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS.

Question 15

The membrane potential of most neurons at rest is:

Accepted Answer

A)  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium. 
B)  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium. 
C)  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion. 
D)  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium. 
E)  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium. 
A)  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium. 
B)  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium. 
C)  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion. 
D)  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium. 
E)  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

Question 16

Which of these would occur if the concentration of ATP were depleted in a typical nerve cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Resting membrane potential would become more negative. 
B)  Resting membrane potential would become less negative. 
C)  The concentration gradient for Na+ would remain the same. 
D)  The resting membrane potential would eventually become positive inside with respect to outside. 
E)  There would be no change in the resting membrane potential. 
A)  Resting membrane potential would become more negative. 
B)  Resting membrane potential would become less negative. 
C)  The concentration gradient for Na+ would remain the same. 
D)  The resting membrane potential would eventually become positive inside with respect to outside. 
E)  There would be no change in the resting membrane potential.

Question 17

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system leave the CNS at the level of the brainstem and sacral portions of the spinal cord.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

Accepted Answer

A)  a receptor potential in a sensory receptor cell 
B)  a depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 
C)  a hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 
D)  a depolarizing pacemaker potential 
E)  a depolarizing action potential 
A)  a receptor potential in a sensory receptor cell 
B)  a depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 
C)  a hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 
D)  a depolarizing pacemaker potential 
E)  a depolarizing action potential

Question 20

Which is FALSE about neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  A given neuron can be either a presynaptic neuron or a postsynaptic neuron. 
B)  An individual neuron can receive information from multiple other neurons. 
C)  An individual neuron can transmit information to multiple other neurons. 
D)  A neuron can simultaneously release more than one type of neurotransmitter. 
E)  A neuron receives information on its axons and delivers it to other neurons through its dendrites. 
A)  A given neuron can be either a presynaptic neuron or a postsynaptic neuron. 
B)  An individual neuron can receive information from multiple other neurons. 
C)  An individual neuron can transmit information to multiple other neurons. 
D)  A neuron can simultaneously release more than one type of neurotransmitter. 
E)  A neuron receives information on its axons and delivers it to other neurons through its dendrites.

An action potential does not re-stimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because

The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and acetylcholine.

Which is TRUE about the resting membrane potential?

At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons,

Which of the following statements about norepinephrine is FALSE?

Which is TRUE about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential?

Which of the following statements about acetylcholine is correct?

The action potential elicited by a supra-threshold stimulus is larger than one elicited by a threshold stimulus.

Serotonin:

The region of the brain that is the most important control area for homeostatic regulation of the internal environment is:

The relative refractory period of an excitable membrane refers to the period of time during which no stimulus, however strong, will elicit a second action potential in the membrane.

"Dual innervation of effectors" refers to the innervation of the same effector organs by somatic and autonomic nerves.

Which of the following is NOT true of glial cells?

The membrane potential of most neurons at rest is:

Which of these would occur if the concentration of ATP were depleted in a typical nerve cell?

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system leave the CNS at the level of the brainstem and sacral portions of the spinal cord.

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

Which is FALSE about neurons?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

Filters

Exam 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

An action potential does not re-stimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because

The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and acetylcholine.

Which is TRUE about the resting membrane potential?

At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons,

Which of the following statements about norepinephrine is FALSE?

Which is TRUE about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential?

Which of the following statements about acetylcholine is correct?

The action potential elicited by a supra-threshold stimulus is larger than one elicited by a threshold stimulus.

Serotonin:

The region of the brain that is the most important control area for homeostatic regulation of the internal environment is:

The relative refractory period of an excitable membrane refers to the period of time during which no stimulus, however strong, will elicit a second action potential in the membrane.

"Dual innervation of effectors" refers to the innervation of the same effector organs by somatic and autonomic nerves.

Which of the following is NOT true of glial cells?

The membrane potential of most neurons at rest is:

Which of these would occur if the concentration of ATP were depleted in a typical nerve cell?

Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks.

Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system leave the CNS at the level of the brainstem and sacral portions of the spinal cord.

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

Which is FALSE about neurons?

Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

Filters