Question 1

The underlying molecular basis for distinguishing blood-group antigens A,B and O is _____ at the erythrocyte surface.

Accepted Answer

A) the presence or absence of fucose in glycolipids 
B) differences in the oligosaccharide attached to the lipid ceramide 
C) structural polymorphisms in the Rhesus D antigen 
D) the levels of MHC class I and class II molecules. 
A) the presence or absence of fucose in glycolipids 
B) differences in the oligosaccharide attached to the lipid ceramide 
C) structural polymorphisms in the Rhesus D antigen 
D) the levels of MHC class I and class II molecules.

Question 2

Which of the following are transplanted with a relatively high success rate despite major differences in HLA class I and II between donor and recipient? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) bone marrow 
B) heart 
C) cornea 
D) kidney 
E) liver. 
A) bone marrow 
B) heart 
C) cornea 
D) kidney 
E) liver.

Question 3

Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an immunosuppressant drug.

Accepted Answer

Cyclosporin A prevents the production of

Question 4

The direct pathway of allorecognition involves interaction of _____,whereas the indirect pathway of alloreaction involves interaction of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) donor T cells with allogeneic HLA molecule on recipient dendritic cells; recipient T cells with allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells 
B) recipient T cells with allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells; donor T cells with allogeneic HLA molecule on recipient dendritic cells 
C) recipient T cells with allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells; recipient T cells with peptides of allogeneic HLA molecules on recipient dendritic cells 
D) recipient T cells with peptides of allogeneic HLA molecules on recipient dendritic cells; donor T cells with peptides of allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells. 
A) donor T cells with allogeneic HLA molecule on recipient dendritic cells; recipient T cells with allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells 
B) recipient T cells with allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells; donor T cells with allogeneic HLA molecule on recipient dendritic cells 
C) recipient T cells with allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells; recipient T cells with peptides of allogeneic HLA molecules on recipient dendritic cells 
D) recipient T cells with peptides of allogeneic HLA molecules on recipient dendritic cells; donor T cells with peptides of allogeneic HLA molecules on donor dendritic cells.

Question 5

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) hyperacute rejection: preexisting antibodies against cell-surface antigens 
B) acute rejection: anti-HLA antibodies 
C) chronic rejection: alloreactive T-cell clones specific for HLA allotypes of donor 
D) acute rejection: direct pathway of allorecognition 
E) transfusion effect: indirect pathway of allorecognition. 
A) hyperacute rejection: preexisting antibodies against cell-surface antigens 
B) acute rejection: anti-HLA antibodies 
C) chronic rejection: alloreactive T-cell clones specific for HLA allotypes of donor 
D) acute rejection: direct pathway of allorecognition 
E) transfusion effect: indirect pathway of allorecognition.

Question 6

Prednisone is a steroid used in transplantation that _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) binds to a cell-surface receptor and inhibits the function of   
B) is combined with cytotoxic drugs to improve its efficacy 
C) decreases the synthesis of   
D) causes a decrease in production of inflammatory cytokines 
E) can lead to bone demineralization as an unwanted side-effect. 
A) binds to a cell-surface receptor and inhibits the function of   
B) is combined with cytotoxic drugs to improve its efficacy 
C) decreases the synthesis of   
D) causes a decrease in production of inflammatory cytokines 
E) can lead to bone demineralization as an unwanted side-effect.

Question 7

In chronic rejection,effector T cells respond to _____ complexes on _____-derived dendritic cells.

Accepted Answer

A) donor MHC class I:donor self peptide; donor 
B) donor MHC class II:donor self peptide; donor 
C) recipient MHC class I:donor MHC peptide; recipient 
D) recipient MHC class II:donor MHC peptide; recipient 
E) recipient MHC class II:donor MHC peptide; donor. 
A) donor MHC class I:donor self peptide; donor 
B) donor MHC class II:donor self peptide; donor 
C) recipient MHC class I:donor MHC peptide; recipient 
D) recipient MHC class II:donor MHC peptide; recipient 
E) recipient MHC class II:donor MHC peptide; donor.

Question 8

Despite a slower engraftment,cord blood as a source of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells is better than bone marrow or than stem cells derived from peripheral blood in that _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) the recipient does not need to undergo myeloablative therapy 
B) there is a higher degree of tolerance for HLA disparity 
C) there is a lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease 
D) cord blood can be infused directly into the bone marrow of recipients 
E) a larger number of stem cells express CD34. 
A) the recipient does not need to undergo myeloablative therapy 
B) there is a higher degree of tolerance for HLA disparity 
C) there is a lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease 
D) cord blood can be infused directly into the bone marrow of recipients 
E) a larger number of stem cells express CD34.

Question 9

In the context of allogeneic transplantation,identify the mismatched pair.

Accepted Answer

A) inhibition of inflammation: prednisone 
B) inhibition of co-stimulation: daclizumab 
C) inhibition of cytokine signaling: basiliximab 
D) inhibition of calcineurin: tacrolimus (FK506) 
E) inhibition of T-cell proliferation: azathioprine. 
A) inhibition of inflammation: prednisone 
B) inhibition of co-stimulation: daclizumab 
C) inhibition of cytokine signaling: basiliximab 
D) inhibition of calcineurin: tacrolimus (FK506) 
E) inhibition of T-cell proliferation: azathioprine.

Question 10

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) prednisone: pro-drug 
B) rapamycin: calcineurin 
C) azathioprine: cytotoxicity 
D) methotrexate:   
E) cyclophosphamide: microbial products. 
A) prednisone: pro-drug 
B) rapamycin: calcineurin 
C) azathioprine: cytotoxicity 
D) methotrexate:   
E) cyclophosphamide: microbial products.

Question 11

Liver transplantation requires that _____ be matched between donor and recipient.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) HLA class I 
B) HLA class II 
C) ABO antigens 
D) rhesus antigen. 
A) HLA class I 
B) HLA class II 
C) ABO antigens 
D) rhesus antigen.

Question 12

What type of hypersensitivity reaction would result from a mismatched blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I 
B) Type II 
C) Type III 
D) Type IV 
A) Type I 
B) Type II 
C) Type III 
D) Type IV

Question 13

In routine blood transfusions,which of the following must be matched correctly? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) A and B antigens 
B) O antigens 
C) Rhesus D antigen 
D) MHC class I molecules 
E) MHC class II molecules. 
A) A and B antigens 
B) O antigens 
C) Rhesus D antigen 
D) MHC class I molecules 
E) MHC class II molecules.

Question 14

A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be used to suppress acute graft rejection.
B.What feature of these mouse antibodies compromises their effectiveness in vivo and limits their use?

Accepted Answer

A.Anti-CD3 MoAbs are often administered

Question 15

All of the following are commonly used sources of hematopoietic stem cells except ____.

Accepted Answer

A) skin cells 
B) bone marrow 
C) umbilical cord blood 
D) peripheral blood. 
A) skin cells 
B) bone marrow 
C) umbilical cord blood 
D) peripheral blood.

Question 16

In the context of organ transplantation,what is the increased risk associated with an individual's having received previous blood transfusions on multiple occasions?

Accepted Answer

There is a possibility of incompatibilit

Question 17

Richard French,53 years old,was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia.His elder brother Don is HLA-haploidentical and will donate bone marrow.Richard's oncologist has recommended him to a medical center that favors using bone marrow depleted of mature T cells prior to infusion.The most likely rationale for employing the practice of T-cell depletion is that _____.

Accepted Answer

A) T-cell depletion will remove alloreactive T cells from the donor and prevent the potential for graft-versus-host disease (GVH
D)  
B) mature T-cell chimerism is required to establish long-term tolerance 
C) because Don is HLA-haploidentical and male,there is no risk of alloreactivity toward major or minor histocompatibility antigens 
D) because of Don's age,the expected bone marrow harvest is already marginal for successful engraftment,and depletion measures would compromise the yield of stem cells 
E) the benefit of using a cocktail of immunosuppressive drugs outweighs the risk of contaminating the bone marrow during T-cell depletion. 
A) T-cell depletion will remove alloreactive T cells from the donor and prevent the potential for graft-versus-host disease (GVH
D)  
B) mature T-cell chimerism is required to establish long-term tolerance 
C) because Don is HLA-haploidentical and male,there is no risk of alloreactivity toward major or minor histocompatibility antigens 
D) because of Don's age,the expected bone marrow harvest is already marginal for successful engraftment,and depletion measures would compromise the yield of stem cells 
E) the benefit of using a cocktail of immunosuppressive drugs outweighs the risk of contaminating the bone marrow during T-cell depletion.

Question 18

Steroid receptors are complexed with _____.

Accepted Answer

A) Hsp90 in the cytoplasm 
B) Hsp90 on the cell surface 
C) calcineurin in the cytoplasm 
D) calcineurin in the nucleus 
E) NFκB in the cytoplasm. 
A) Hsp90 in the cytoplasm 
B) Hsp90 on the cell surface 
C) calcineurin in the cytoplasm 
D) calcineurin in the nucleus 
E) NFκB in the cytoplasm.

Question 19

What explains the observation that mixed lymphocyte reactions carried out between some dizygotic twins have a negligible stimulation index?

Accepted Answer

In about 8% of dizygotic twins,the blood

Question 20

Match between columns
                        Premises: A possible side-effect of using antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)is serum sickness.
Daclizumab,an anti-CD3 humanized antibody,is used to treat and prevent acute rejection
Immunosuppressive xenogeneic antibodies can be used repeatedly for multiple episodes of transplant rejection without complication.

Dosage of immunosuppressive drugs is often decreased in transplant patients to minimize toxic side-effects,but there is a risk of rejection.
Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)is a monoclonal antibody specific for T-cell surface antigens.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of True and False is...

The underlying molecular basis for distinguishing blood-group antigens A,B and O is _____ at the erythrocyte surface.

Which of the following are transplanted with a relatively high success rate despite major differences in HLA class I and II between donor and recipient? (Select all that apply.)

Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an immunosuppressant drug.

The direct pathway of allorecognition involves interaction of _,whereas the indirect pathway of alloreaction involves interaction of _.

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Prednisone is a steroid used in transplantation that _____.(Select all that apply.)

In chronic rejection,effector T cells respond to _ complexes on _-derived dendritic cells.

Despite a slower engraftment,cord blood as a source of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells is better than bone marrow or than stem cells derived from peripheral blood in that _____.(Select all that apply.)

In the context of allogeneic transplantation,identify the mismatched pair.

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Liver transplantation requires that _____ be matched between donor and recipient.(Select all that apply.)

What type of hypersensitivity reaction would result from a mismatched blood transfusion?

In routine blood transfusions,which of the following must be matched correctly? (Select all that apply.)

A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be used to suppress acute graft rejection. B.What feature of these mouse antibodies compromises their effectiveness in vivo and limits their use?

All of the following are commonly used sources of hematopoietic stem cells except ____.

In the context of organ transplantation,what is the increased risk associated with an individual's having received previous blood transfusions on multiple occasions?

Steroid receptors are complexed with _____.

What explains the observation that mixed lymphocyte reactions carried out between some dizygotic twins have a negligible stimulation index?

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

Exam 15: Transplantation of Tissues and Organs

The underlying molecular basis for distinguishing blood-group antigens A,B and O is _____ at the erythrocyte surface.

Which of the following are transplanted with a relatively high success rate despite major differences in HLA class I and II between donor and recipient? (Select all that apply.)

Explain how cyclosporin A acts as an immunosuppressant drug.

The direct pathway of allorecognition involves interaction of _____,whereas the indirect pathway of alloreaction involves interaction of _____.

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Prednisone is a steroid used in transplantation that _____.(Select all that apply.)

In chronic rejection,effector T cells respond to _____ complexes on _____-derived dendritic cells.

Despite a slower engraftment,cord blood as a source of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells is better than bone marrow or than stem cells derived from peripheral blood in that _____.(Select all that apply.)

In the context of allogeneic transplantation,identify the mismatched pair.

Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select all that apply.)

Liver transplantation requires that _____ be matched between donor and recipient.(Select all that apply.)

What type of hypersensitivity reaction would result from a mismatched blood transfusion?

In routine blood transfusions,which of the following must be matched correctly? (Select all that apply.)

A.Explain how mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)can be used to suppress acute graft rejection. B.What feature of these mouse antibodies compromises their effectiveness in vivo and limits their use?

All of the following are commonly used sources of hematopoietic stem cells except ____.

In the context of organ transplantation,what is the increased risk associated with an individual's having received previous blood transfusions on multiple occasions?

Steroid receptors are complexed with _____.

What explains the observation that mixed lymphocyte reactions carried out between some dizygotic twins have a negligible stimulation index?

Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Innate Immunity: the Immediate Response to Infection

Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes

The Development of B Lymphocytes

The Development of T Lymphocytes

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity Mediated by B Cells and Antibodies

Preventing Infection at Mucosal Surfaces

Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Failures of the Bodys Defenses

Ige-Mediated Immunity and Allergy

Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response

Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System

Filters

The direct pathway of allorecognition involves interaction of _,whereas the indirect pathway of alloreaction involves interaction of _.

In chronic rejection,effector T cells respond to _ complexes on _-derived dendritic cells.