Question 1

What organelle packages peptide/protein messengers into secretory vesicles?

Accepted Answer

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum 
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
C) nucleus 
D) lysosomes 
E) Golgi apparatus 
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum 
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
C) nucleus 
D) lysosomes 
E) Golgi apparatus E

Question 2

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis and release of arachidonic acid?

Accepted Answer

A) phosphodiesterase 
B) tyrosine fi- hydroxylase 
C) phospholipase A2 
D) adenylate cyclase 
E) tyrosine kinase 
A) phosphodiesterase 
B) tyrosine fi- hydroxylase 
C) phospholipase A2 
D) adenylate cyclase 
E) tyrosine kinase C

Question 3

Which of the following chemical messengers are lipophobic?

Accepted Answer

A) peptides/proteins and steroids 
B) thyroid hormones 
C) steroids 
D) peptides/proteins 
E) amino acids 
A) peptides/proteins and steroids 
B) thyroid hormones 
C) steroids 
D) peptides/proteins 
E) amino acids E

Question 4

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the most widely used medications in the world. To what group of medications does aspirin belong? Explain its mechanism of action for preventing pain and inflammation as well as its ability to prevent blood clots. Aspirin also has some undesirable side effects, especially in higher doses. Explain what these side effects are and why they occur.

Accepted Answer

Aspirin is one of a number of nonsteroid

Question 5

The more specific a drug is for a certain type, the more specific the therapeutic actions of the drug and the fewer the side effects.

Accepted Answer

A) receptor 
B) ligand 
C) hormone 
D) neurotransmitter 
E) target cell 
A) receptor 
B) ligand 
C) hormone 
D) neurotransmitter 
E) target cell

Question 6

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis of cAMP?

Accepted Answer

A) phosphodiesterase 
B) tyrosine kinase 
C) tyrosine fi- hydroxylase 
D) adenylate cyclase 
E) phospholipase A2 
A) phosphodiesterase 
B) tyrosine kinase 
C) tyrosine fi- hydroxylase 
D) adenylate cyclase 
E) phospholipase A2

Question 7

Cells that secrete epinephrine must contain which enzymes?

Accepted Answer

A) phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase and dopa decarboxylase only 
B) dopamine fi- hydroxylase, tyrosine fi- hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase, and dopa decarboxylase 
C) dopamine fi- hydroxylase, tyrosine fi- hydroxylase, and dopa decarboxylase only 
D) tyrosine fi- hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase only 
E) dopamine fi- hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase only 
A) phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase and dopa decarboxylase only 
B) dopamine fi- hydroxylase, tyrosine fi- hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase, and dopa decarboxylase 
C) dopamine fi- hydroxylase, tyrosine fi- hydroxylase, and dopa decarboxylase only 
D) tyrosine fi- hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase only 
E) dopamine fi- hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase only

Question 8

Describe G protein- linked receptors, including a discussion of the different enzyme pathways activated by G protein.

Accepted Answer

. DAG remains in the membrane and activa

Question 9

Generally, the nervous system is a more rapid means of communication than the endocrine system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

What molecules are hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) lipophobic 
B) lipophilic 
C) hyperdermic 
D) hydrophilic 
E) amino acids 
A) lipophobic 
B) lipophilic 
C) hyperdermic 
D) hydrophilic 
E) amino acids

Question 11

Based on your knowledge of signal amplification, which type of chemical messenger can have relatively small concentrations within the bloodstream and still get a large response?

Accepted Answer

A) paracrine 
B) lipophilic 
C) lipophobic 
D) steroid 
E) autocrine 
A) paracrine 
B) lipophilic 
C) lipophobic 
D) steroid 
E) autocrine

Question 12

In its active form, a G protein has a GDP bound to its alpha unit.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The target cell of a neurotransmitter is the postsynaptic cell.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood and bind to receptors located .

Accepted Answer

A) dissolved in the plasma : inside the target cell 
B) inside red blood cells : inside the target cell 
C) dissolved in the plasma : on the plasma membrane of the target cell 
D) bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell 
E) bound to carrier proteins : on the plasma membrane of the target cell 
A) dissolved in the plasma : inside the target cell 
B) inside red blood cells : inside the target cell 
C) dissolved in the plasma : on the plasma membrane of the target cell 
D) bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell 
E) bound to carrier proteins : on the plasma membrane of the target cell

Question 15

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which is released from the posterior pituitary, is an example of what type of chemical messenger?

Accepted Answer

A) cytokine 
B) neurohormone 
C) autocrine 
D) paracrine 
E) neurotransmitter 
A) cytokine 
B) neurohormone 
C) autocrine 
D) paracrine 
E) neurotransmitter

Question 16

What terminates the cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

A) the release of the first messenger from the receptor 
B) degradation of cAMP by the liver 
C) the axon terminal 
D) a G protein 
E) the degradation of cAMP by the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase 
A) the release of the first messenger from the receptor 
B) degradation of cAMP by the liver 
C) the axon terminal 
D) a G protein 
E) the degradation of cAMP by the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase

Question 17

A first messenger is an extracellular messenger that binds to its receptor on the _ of the cell and therefore activates a second messenger system.

Accepted Answer

A) outside 
B) ribosome 
C) inside 
D) G protein 
E) endoplasmic reticulum 
A) outside 
B) ribosome 
C) inside 
D) G protein 
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

A) steroids 
B) amino acids 
C) eicosanoids 
D) peptides/proteins 
E) amines 
A) steroids 
B) amino acids 
C) eicosanoids 
D) peptides/proteins 
E) amines

Question 19

In order to terminate a cAMP- mediated response, the enzyme can be activated to degrade cAMP.

Accepted Answer

A) cAMP protein kinase 
B) cAMP decarboxylase 
C) cAMP phosphodiesterase 
D) cAMP hydrolase 
E) cAMP hydrogenase 
A) cAMP protein kinase 
B) cAMP decarboxylase 
C) cAMP phosphodiesterase 
D) cAMP hydrolase 
E) cAMP hydrogenase

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describes the release of a lipophilic messenger?

Accepted Answer

A) Lipophilic messengers are released immediately upon synthesis by simple diffusion. 
B) Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis immediately after synthesis. 
C) Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis in response to a stimulus. 
D) Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by simple diffusion in response to a stimulus. 
E) Lipophilic messengers are stored free in the cytosol and released by simple diffusion in response to a stimulus. 
A) Lipophilic messengers are released immediately upon synthesis by simple diffusion. 
B) Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis immediately after synthesis. 
C) Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis in response to a stimulus. 
D) Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by simple diffusion in response to a stimulus. 
E) Lipophilic messengers are stored free in the cytosol and released by simple diffusion in response to a stimulus.

Exam 5: Chemical Messengers

What organelle packages peptide/protein messengers into secretory vesicles?

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis and release of arachidonic acid?

Which of the following chemical messengers are lipophobic?

The more specific a drug is for a certain type, the more specific the therapeutic actions of the drug and the fewer the side effects.

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis of cAMP?

Cells that secrete epinephrine must contain which enzymes?

Describe G protein- linked receptors, including a discussion of the different enzyme pathways activated by G protein.

Generally, the nervous system is a more rapid means of communication than the endocrine system.

What molecules are hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membrane?

Based on your knowledge of signal amplification, which type of chemical messenger can have relatively small concentrations within the bloodstream and still get a large response?

In its active form, a G protein has a GDP bound to its alpha unit.

The target cell of a neurotransmitter is the postsynaptic cell.

Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood and bind to receptors located .

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which is released from the posterior pituitary, is an example of what type of chemical messenger?

What terminates the cAMP second messenger system?

A first messenger is an extracellular messenger that binds to its receptor on the _ of the cell and therefore activates a second messenger system.

All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol?

In order to terminate a cAMP- mediated response, the enzyme can be activated to degrade cAMP.

Which of the following statements best describes the release of a lipophilic messenger?

Introduction to Physiology

The Cell: Structure and Function

Cell Metabolism

Cell Membrane Transport

The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling

Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems

Muscle Physiology

The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and the Regulation of Breathing

The Urinary System: Renal Function

The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Gastrointestinal System

The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth

The Reproductive System

The Immune System

Diabetes Mellitus

Filters