Question 1

What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

A) carbonic anhydrase 
B) mucin 
C) atrial natriuretic peptide 
D) angiotensin converting enzyme (AC
E)  
E) renin 
A) carbonic anhydrase 
B) mucin 
C) atrial natriuretic peptide 
D) angiotensin converting enzyme (AC
E)  
E) renin D

Question 2

Which statement best describes why estrogen may contribute to osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Estrogen is a steroid hormone that interferes with calcium resorption. 
B) A decrease in estrogen stimulates an increase in osteoblast activity due to the activation of 1,25- (OH2)D3. 
C) A decrease in estrogen causes a corresponding decrease in interleukin- 6 that then lowers calcium levels. 
D) A decrease in estrogen stimulates the production of interleukin- 6 that then stimulates osteoclast activity. 
E) A decrease in estrogen stimulates calcitonin secretion from the pituitary gland. 
A) Estrogen is a steroid hormone that interferes with calcium resorption. 
B) A decrease in estrogen stimulates an increase in osteoblast activity due to the activation of 1,25- (OH2)D3. 
C) A decrease in estrogen causes a corresponding decrease in interleukin- 6 that then lowers calcium levels. 
D) A decrease in estrogen stimulates the production of interleukin- 6 that then stimulates osteoclast activity. 
E) A decrease in estrogen stimulates calcitonin secretion from the pituitary gland. D

Question 3

At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is _, causing urine output to _.

Accepted Answer

A) high : decrease 
B) low : increase 
C) high : increase 
D) low : decrease 
E) unaffected : remain unchanged 
A) high : decrease 
B) low : increase 
C) high : increase 
D) low : decrease 
E) unaffected : remain unchanged A

Question 4

From where is ADH released?

Accepted Answer

A) pancreas 
B) anterior pituitary 
C) collecting duct 
D) posterior pituitary 
E) distal tubule 
A) pancreas 
B) anterior pituitary 
C) collecting duct 
D) posterior pituitary 
E) distal tubule

Question 5

Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin?

Accepted Answer

A) increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) 
B) high blood pressure 
C) increased sympathetic stimulation 
D) atrial stretching due to increased plasma volume 
E) low blood pressure 
A) increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) 
B) high blood pressure 
C) increased sympathetic stimulation 
D) atrial stretching due to increased plasma volume 
E) low blood pressure

Question 6

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid- base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation 
B) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation 
C) respiratory acidosis with renal compensation 
D) respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation 
E) Blood pH is normal. 
A) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation 
B) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation 
C) respiratory acidosis with renal compensation 
D) respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation 
E) Blood pH is normal.

Question 7

Which of the following conditions is NOT indicative of a decrease in plasma osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

A) nausea 
B) seizure 
C) confusion 
D) neural hyperexcitability 
E) headache 
A) nausea 
B) seizure 
C) confusion 
D) neural hyperexcitability 
E) headache

Question 8

If plasma volume is below normal, the changes originated by the kidneys will be able to return the plasma osmolarity back to normal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

What solute is primarily responsible for producing the osmotic gradient that drives water reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

A) chloride 
B) phosphate 
C) sodium 
D) potassium 
E) calcium 
A) chloride 
B) phosphate 
C) sodium 
D) potassium 
E) calcium

Question 10

The osmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidneys is established and maintained by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle 
B) Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the descending limb of the loop of Henle 
C) efflux of Na+ from the descending limb of the loop of Henle 
D) efflux of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle 
E) efflux of water from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle 
A) Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle 
B) Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the descending limb of the loop of Henle 
C) efflux of Na+ from the descending limb of the loop of Henle 
D) efflux of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle 
E) efflux of water from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 11

What form of osteoporosis would be localized to a specific bone?

Accepted Answer

A) disuse osteoporosis 
B) primary osteoporosis 
C) secondary osteoporosis 
D) tertiary osteoporosis 
E) hyperosteoporosis 
A) disuse osteoporosis 
B) primary osteoporosis 
C) secondary osteoporosis 
D) tertiary osteoporosis 
E) hyperosteoporosis

Question 12

Exposure of the skin to sunlight converts _ _ to vitamin D3.

Accepted Answer

A) cholesterol 
B) 7- dehydrocholesterol 
C) calcium 
D) 25- OH D3 
E) calcitriol 
A) cholesterol 
B) 7- dehydrocholesterol 
C) calcium 
D) 25- OH D3 
E) calcitriol

Question 13

Which of the following is an effect of the transporters in the proximal tubules?

Accepted Answer

A) secretion of sodium 
B) secretion of urea 
C) secretion of potassium 
D) reabsorption of bicarbonate 
E) reabsorption of hydrogen 
A) secretion of sodium 
B) secretion of urea 
C) secretion of potassium 
D) reabsorption of bicarbonate 
E) reabsorption of hydrogen

Question 14

The role of a buffer is to

Accepted Answer

A) reduce the secretion of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys. 
B) enhance the ability of an increase in hydrogen ions to increase pH. 
C) reduce the reabsorption of hydrogen ions in the kidneys. 
D) limit the change in pH with changing hydrogen ion concentrations. 
E) reduce the secretion of hydrogen ions in the kidneys. 
A) reduce the secretion of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys. 
B) enhance the ability of an increase in hydrogen ions to increase pH. 
C) reduce the reabsorption of hydrogen ions in the kidneys. 
D) limit the change in pH with changing hydrogen ion concentrations. 
E) reduce the secretion of hydrogen ions in the kidneys.

Question 15

A primary source of acid from internal respiration is CO2.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Carbonic anhydrase is located where?

Accepted Answer

A) proximal tubule apical membrane 
B) intercalated cells basolateral membrane 
C) principal cells basolateral membrane 
D) proximal tubule basolateral membrane 
E) principal cells apical membrane 
A) proximal tubule apical membrane 
B) intercalated cells basolateral membrane 
C) principal cells basolateral membrane 
D) proximal tubule basolateral membrane 
E) principal cells apical membrane

Question 17

Acidosis results in potassium retention, whereas alkalosis results in potassium depletion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Hyperkalemia refers to an excess of what?

Accepted Answer

A) sodium 
B) potassium 
C) chloride 
D) calcium 
E) water 
A) sodium 
B) potassium 
C) chloride 
D) calcium 
E) water

Question 19

A greater plasma volume than normal is called

Accepted Answer

A) hypovolemia. 
B) normovolemia. 
C) hypervolemia. 
D) equilibrium. 
E) fluid balance. 
A) hypovolemia. 
B) normovolemia. 
C) hypervolemia. 
D) equilibrium. 
E) fluid balance.

Question 20

Potassium channels located where are necessary for its reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

A) intercalated cells basolateral membrane 
B) proximal tubule basolateral membrane 
C) principal cells basolateral membrane 
D) principal cells apical membrane 
E) proximal tubule apical membrane 
A) intercalated cells basolateral membrane 
B) proximal tubule basolateral membrane 
C) principal cells basolateral membrane 
D) principal cells apical membrane 
E) proximal tubule apical membrane

Exam 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

Which statement best describes why estrogen may contribute to osteoporosis?

At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is _, causing urine output to _.

From where is ADH released?

Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin?

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid- base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Which of the following conditions is NOT indicative of a decrease in plasma osmolarity?

If plasma volume is below normal, the changes originated by the kidneys will be able to return the plasma osmolarity back to normal.

What solute is primarily responsible for producing the osmotic gradient that drives water reabsorption?

The osmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidneys is established and maintained by which of the following?

What form of osteoporosis would be localized to a specific bone?

Exposure of the skin to sunlight converts _ _ to vitamin D3.

Which of the following is an effect of the transporters in the proximal tubules?

The role of a buffer is to

A primary source of acid from internal respiration is CO2.

Carbonic anhydrase is located where?

Acidosis results in potassium retention, whereas alkalosis results in potassium depletion.

Hyperkalemia refers to an excess of what?

A greater plasma volume than normal is called

Potassium channels located where are necessary for its reabsorption?

Introduction to Physiology

The Cell: Structure and Function

Cell Metabolism

Cell Membrane Transport

Chemical Messengers

The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling

Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems

Muscle Physiology

The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and the Regulation of Breathing

The Urinary System: Renal Function

The Gastrointestinal System

The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth

The Reproductive System

The Immune System

Diabetes Mellitus

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