Question 1

A locust is a grasshopper.

Accepted Answer

A)  All things identical to a locust are things identical to a grasshopper. 
B)  All locusts are grasshoppers. 
C)  All grasshoppers are locusts. 
D)  Some locusts are grasshoppers. 
E)  No non-locusts are non-grasshoppers. 
A)  All things identical to a locust are things identical to a grasshopper. 
B)  All locusts are grasshoppers. 
C)  All grasshoppers are locusts. 
D)  Some locusts are grasshoppers. 
E)  No non-locusts are non-grasshoppers.

Question 2

All married bachelors are polygamists. Therefore, it is false that some married bachelors are not polygamists.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary.

Question 3

She says what's on her mind.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some things she says are things on her mind. 
B)  Some things that are on her mind are not things she says. 
C)  All things she says are things that are on her mind. 
D)  All persons identical to her say what is on their mind. 
E)  All things that are on her mind are things she says. 
A)  Some things she says are things on her mind. 
B)  Some things that are on her mind are not things she says. 
C)  All things she says are things that are on her mind. 
D)  All persons identical to her say what is on their mind. 
E)  All things that are on her mind are things she says.

Question 4

No fashion shows are events without models. Therefore, all fashion shows are events with models.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Valid. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Valid.

Question 5

Some white supremacists are individuals involved in crime. Therefore, it is false that some white supremacists are not individuals involved in crime.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition.

Question 6

Given the categorical proposition "All banks are lending institutions." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some banks are lending institutions. 
B)  Some banks are not lending institutions. 
C)  All banks are not lending institutions. 
D)  No banks are lending institutions. 
E)  No banks are not lending institutions. 
A)  Some banks are lending institutions. 
B)  Some banks are not lending institutions. 
C)  All banks are not lending institutions. 
D)  No banks are lending institutions. 
E)  No banks are not lending institutions.

Question 7

Some A are not non-B. (F) All A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Obversion. (F) 
B)  Subalternation. (F) 
C)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
D)  Contradictory. (T) 
E)  Contrary. (T) 
A)  Obversion. (F) 
B)  Subalternation. (F) 
C)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
D)  Contradictory. (T) 
E)  Contrary. (T)

Question 8

All A are non-B. (T) Some A are not non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (F) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F) 
A)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (F) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F)

Question 9

All pizzas are high calorie meals. Therefore, some pizzas are high calorie meals.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary.

Question 10

Some butterflies are not non-birds. Therefore, some butterflies are birds.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary.

Question 11

All non-A are B. (F) No non-A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contrary. (Und.) 
B)  Contradictory. (T) 
C)  Obversion. (F) 
D)  Contraposition. (F) 
E)  Contrary. (T) 
A)  Contrary. (Und.) 
B)  Contradictory. (T) 
C)  Obversion. (F) 
D)  Contraposition. (F) 
E)  Contrary. (T)

Question 12

There is a bird in the tree.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some birds are animals in the tree. 
B)  All birds are animals in the tree. 
C)  Some birds are animals in the tree and some birds are not animals in the tree. 
D)  All animals in the tree are birds. 
E)  All things identical to a tree are places there is a bird. 
A)  Some birds are animals in the tree. 
B)  All birds are animals in the tree. 
C)  Some birds are animals in the tree and some birds are not animals in the tree. 
D)  All animals in the tree are birds. 
E)  All things identical to a tree are places there is a bird.

Question 13

In Categorical Proposition 1H, the predicate term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Articles that are currently on sale. 
B)  Articles. 
C)  Urns that are not made of marble. 
D)  Currently on sale. 
E)  Made of marble. 
A)  Articles that are currently on sale. 
B)  Articles. 
C)  Urns that are not made of marble. 
D)  Currently on sale. 
E)  Made of marble.

Question 14

Given the categorical proposition "All Emmy winners are celebrities." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  No Emmy winners are people who are not celebrities. 
B)  All people who are not celebrities are people who are not Emmy winners. 
C)  No Emmy winners are celebrities. 
D)  Some Emmy winners are celebrities. 
E)  Some Emmy winners are not celebrities. 
A)  No Emmy winners are people who are not celebrities. 
B)  All people who are not celebrities are people who are not Emmy winners. 
C)  No Emmy winners are celebrities. 
D)  Some Emmy winners are celebrities. 
E)  Some Emmy winners are not celebrities.

Question 15

In Categorical Proposition 1C:

Accepted Answer

A)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
D)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed. 
A)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
D)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed.

Question 16

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2.

Question 17

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Areas 2 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Areas 2 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

Question 18

Alligators live in the Everglades.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some animals that live in the Everglades are not alligators. 
B)  Some alligators are animals that live in the Everglades and some alligators are not animals that live in the Everglades. 
C)  Some alligators are animals that live in the Everglades. 
D)  Some animals identical to alligators are animals that live in the Everglades. 
E)  All alligators are animals that live in the Everglades. 
A)  Some animals that live in the Everglades are not alligators. 
B)  Some alligators are animals that live in the Everglades and some alligators are not animals that live in the Everglades. 
C)  Some alligators are animals that live in the Everglades. 
D)  Some animals identical to alligators are animals that live in the Everglades. 
E)  All alligators are animals that live in the Everglades.

Question 19

In Categorical Proposition 1F, the copula is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Negative. 
C)  Some. 
D)  Are not. 
E)  Are. 
A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Negative. 
C)  Some. 
D)  Are not. 
E)  Are.

Question 20

In Categorical Proposition 1F, which terms are distributed?

Accepted Answer

A)  The predicate but not the subject. 
B)  The subject but not the predicate. 
C)  Both the quantifier and the copula. 
D)  Neither the subject nor the predicate. 
E)  Both the subject and the predicate. 
A)  The predicate but not the subject. 
B)  The subject but not the predicate. 
C)  Both the quantifier and the copula. 
D)  Neither the subject nor the predicate. 
E)  Both the subject and the predicate.

A locust is a grasshopper.

All married bachelors are polygamists. Therefore, it is false that some married bachelors are not polygamists.

She says what's on her mind.

No fashion shows are events without models. Therefore, all fashion shows are events with models.

Some white supremacists are individuals involved in crime. Therefore, it is false that some white supremacists are not individuals involved in crime.

Given the categorical proposition "All banks are lending institutions." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are not non-B. (F) All A are non-B.

All A are non-B. (T) Some A are not non-B.

All pizzas are high calorie meals. Therefore, some pizzas are high calorie meals.

Some butterflies are not non-birds. Therefore, some butterflies are birds.

All non-A are B. (F) No non-A are non-B.

There is a bird in the tree.

In Categorical Proposition 1H, the predicate term is:

Given the categorical proposition "All Emmy winners are celebrities." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

In Categorical Proposition 1C:

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Alligators live in the Everglades.

In Categorical Proposition 1F, the copula is:

In Categorical Proposition 1F, which terms are distributed?

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

A locust is a grasshopper.

All married bachelors are polygamists. Therefore, it is false that some married bachelors are not polygamists.

She says what's on her mind.

No fashion shows are events without models. Therefore, all fashion shows are events with models.

Some white supremacists are individuals involved in crime. Therefore, it is false that some white supremacists are not individuals involved in crime.

Given the categorical proposition "All banks are lending institutions." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are not non-B. (F) All A are non-B.

All A are non-B. (T) Some A are not non-B.

All pizzas are high calorie meals. Therefore, some pizzas are high calorie meals.

Some butterflies are not non-birds. Therefore, some butterflies are birds.

All non-A are B. (F) No non-A are non-B.

There is a bird in the tree.

In Categorical Proposition 1H, the predicate term is:

Given the categorical proposition "All Emmy winners are celebrities." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

In Categorical Proposition 1C:

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Alligators live in the Everglades.

In Categorical Proposition 1F, the copula is:

In Categorical Proposition 1F, which terms are distributed?

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters